GRASS-Wiki - User contributions [en]

Image processing/it

2018-10-19T14:58:53Z

⚠️Marcocurreli:

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}
== Introduzione ==
Per una descrizione generale, vedi [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass72/manuals/imageryintro.html Introduction: image processing] in GRASS GIS

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (riflessione/radianza-al-sensore):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, cioè il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) è memorizzato come una rappresentazione discreta in 8-16 bit. Per esempio, i dati Landsat vengono memorizzati come valori a 8bit (cioè in un intervallo da 0 a 255); i dati di altri satelliti possono essere memorizzati a 10 o 16 bit.



I dati in forma di DN non sono ancora dati reali rilevati al suolo.
Tali dati sono detti "al satellite"; per esempio, la quantità di energia rilevata dal sensore della piattaforma satellitare è codificata in 8 o più bit. Questa energia è detta radianza al sensore. Al fine di ottenere valori fisici dai DN, i fornitori di immagini satellitari usano un'equazione di trasformazione lineare <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> per codificare la radianza al sensore in valori da 8 a 16 bit. I DN si possono riconvertire in valori fisici applicando la formula inversa <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

Il modulo di GRASS GIS {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} trasforma facilmente i DN Landsat in radiance-at-sensor. Il modulo equivalente per i dati ASTER è {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. Per altri satelliti si può usare {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}.

'''Riflessone/radianza-al-sensore e riflettanza della superficie'''

Una volta ottenuta la radianza-al-sensore, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

Commercial satellite imagery

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]
* [[WorldView]]

See also,

* [http://www.digitalglobe.com/sites/default/files/DigitalGlobe_Spectral_Response_1.pdf Spectral Response specifications for IKONOS, GeoEye, QuickBird, WorldView]
* various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://cloudsgate2.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/predict/predict.cgi NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Orthorectification ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

Examples:
* [http://sylla-consult.de/en/topographic-correction-of-landsat-imagery-using-grass-gis/ Topographic correction of Landsat imagery using GRASS GIS] (Blog article)

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation
* {{cmd|i.segment}}: Image Segmentation
* {{AddonCmd|r.smooth.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model) (addon)
* {{AddonCmd|i.superpixels.slic}}: : Perform image segmentation using the SLIC segmentation method (addon)

== Edge detection ==
* {{cmd|i.zc}}: Zero-crossing edge detector
* {{AddonCmd|i.edge}}: Canny edge detector (addon)

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]
* see also [[Fourier transforms for multitemporal analysis]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform "Spectral Unmixing"
* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}} is used to perform "Spectral Angle Mapping"

== Thermal remote sensing ==

* {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be used to convert from DN (digital number) of arbitrary sensors to Kelvin/Celsius/...
* {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} - Calculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.landsat8.swlst|version=7}} Practical split-window algorithm estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery
* {{cmd|i.aster.toar}} - Calculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for ASTER
* [[MODIS#Advanced_MODIS_LST_time_series_reconstruction|MODIS]]

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}- Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]
* see also [[MODIS#Advanced_MODIS_LST_time_series_reconstruction|MODIS]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}} (GRASS 6.x) | {{cmd|i.colors.enhance}} (GRASS 7.x)
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.smooth.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Vegetation indices ==

* {{cmd|i.vi}}: various vegetation indices
* {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be used to calculate uncommon vegetation indices

== Water indices ==
* {{AddonCmd|i.wi}}: Calculates different types of water indices (addon)

== Biomass indices ==
* {{cmd|i.biomass}}

== Evapotranspiration ==

* i.eb.* and i.evapo.* are modules dedicated to evapotranspiration, see https://grass.osgeo.org/grass72/manuals/topic_evapotranspiration.html

Please look at [[Image_processing/Evapotranspiration]] for some background information.

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== libCTL - Library for affine, Helmert and projective transformations in 2D ===

To be evaluated: plain C translation
https://svn.code.sf.net/p/gvsigce/code/trunk/libraries/libCTL/

* requires GNU Scientific Library for the matrix algebra
* It is a small library that provides a handful of transformation methods from source to target (2D) coordinates. Currently, this includes affine, Helmert and projective transformations in 2D.
* The main library is written in plain C and the transformation functions are a plain C conversion of the methods found in the QGIS (www.qgis.org) Georeferencer Plugin (projective and Helmert transformations) and Olivier Dalang's "worldfile transform" (https://gist.github.com/olivierdalang/ba97fc986ade4545068d).
* author: B Ducke

=== Spectral unmixing ideas for processing hyperspectral image data ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Historical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== Lidar LAS format ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7), but las2txt is still useful for added control such as filtering or importing secondary data streams such as intensity.

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Image processing/it

2018-10-19T14:54:46Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: allineato con la versione inglese

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}
== Introduzione ==
Per una descrizione generale, vedi [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass72/manuals/imageryintro.html Introduction: image processing] in GRASS GIS

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (riflessione/radianza-al-sensore):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, cioè il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) è memorizzato come una rappresentazione discreta in 8-16 bit. Per esempio, i dati Landsat vengono memorizzati come valori a 8bit (cioè in un intervallo da 0 a 255); i dati di altri satelliti possono essere memorizzati a 10 o 16 bit.



I dati in forma di DN non sono ancora dati reali rilevati al suolo.
Tali dati sono detti "al satellite"; per esempio, la quantità di energia rilevata dal sensore della piattaforma satellitare è codificata in 8 o più bit. Questa energia è detta radianza al sensore. Al fine di ottenere valori fisici dai DN, i fornitori di immagini satellitari usano un'equazione di trasformazione lineare <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> per codificare la radianza al sensore in valori da 8 a 16 bit. I DN si possono riconvertire in valori fisici applicando la formula inversa <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

Il modulo di GRASS GIS {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} trasforma facilmente i DN Landsat in radiance-at-sensor. Il modulo equivalente per i dati ASTER è {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. Per altri satelliti si può usare {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}.

'''Reflection/radiance-at-sensor and surface reflectance'''

When radiance-at-sensor has been obtained, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

Commercial satellite imagery

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]
* [[WorldView]]

See also,

* [http://www.digitalglobe.com/sites/default/files/DigitalGlobe_Spectral_Response_1.pdf Spectral Response specifications for IKONOS, GeoEye, QuickBird, WorldView]
* various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://cloudsgate2.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/predict/predict.cgi NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Orthorectification ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

Examples:
* [http://sylla-consult.de/en/topographic-correction-of-landsat-imagery-using-grass-gis/ Topographic correction of Landsat imagery using GRASS GIS] (Blog article)

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation
* {{cmd|i.segment}}: Image Segmentation
* {{AddonCmd|r.smooth.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model) (addon)
* {{AddonCmd|i.superpixels.slic}}: : Perform image segmentation using the SLIC segmentation method (addon)

== Edge detection ==
* {{cmd|i.zc}}: Zero-crossing edge detector
* {{AddonCmd|i.edge}}: Canny edge detector (addon)

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]
* see also [[Fourier transforms for multitemporal analysis]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform "Spectral Unmixing"
* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}} is used to perform "Spectral Angle Mapping"

== Thermal remote sensing ==

* {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be used to convert from DN (digital number) of arbitrary sensors to Kelvin/Celsius/...
* {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} - Calculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.landsat8.swlst|version=7}} Practical split-window algorithm estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery
* {{cmd|i.aster.toar}} - Calculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for ASTER
* [[MODIS#Advanced_MODIS_LST_time_series_reconstruction|MODIS]]

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}- Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]
* see also [[MODIS#Advanced_MODIS_LST_time_series_reconstruction|MODIS]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}} (GRASS 6.x) | {{cmd|i.colors.enhance}} (GRASS 7.x)
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.smooth.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Vegetation indices ==

* {{cmd|i.vi}}: various vegetation indices
* {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be used to calculate uncommon vegetation indices

== Water indices ==
* {{AddonCmd|i.wi}}: Calculates different types of water indices (addon)

== Biomass indices ==
* {{cmd|i.biomass}}

== Evapotranspiration ==

* i.eb.* and i.evapo.* are modules dedicated to evapotranspiration, see https://grass.osgeo.org/grass72/manuals/topic_evapotranspiration.html

Please look at [[Image_processing/Evapotranspiration]] for some background information.

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== libCTL - Library for affine, Helmert and projective transformations in 2D ===

To be evaluated: plain C translation
https://svn.code.sf.net/p/gvsigce/code/trunk/libraries/libCTL/

* requires GNU Scientific Library for the matrix algebra
* It is a small library that provides a handful of transformation methods from source to target (2D) coordinates. Currently, this includes affine, Helmert and projective transformations in 2D.
* The main library is written in plain C and the transformation functions are a plain C conversion of the methods found in the QGIS (www.qgis.org) Georeferencer Plugin (projective and Helmert transformations) and Olivier Dalang's "worldfile transform" (https://gist.github.com/olivierdalang/ba97fc986ade4545068d).
* author: B Ducke

=== Spectral unmixing ideas for processing hyperspectral image data ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Historical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== Lidar LAS format ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7), but las2txt is still useful for added control such as filtering or importing secondary data streams such as intensity.

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Image processing/it

2013-09-15T17:00:09Z

⚠️Marcocurreli:

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}
== Introduzione ==

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (riflessione/radianza-al-sensore):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, cioè il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) è memorizzato come una rappresentazione discreta in 8-16 bit. Per esempio, i dati Landsat vengono memorizzati come valori a 8bit (cioè in un intervallo da 0 a 255); i dati di altri satelliti possono essere memorizzati a 10 o 16 bit.



I dati in forma di DN non sono ancora dati reali rilevati al suolo.
Tali dati sono detti "al satellite"; per esempio, la quantità di energia rilevata dal sensore della piattaforma satellitare è codificata in 8 o più bit. Questa energia è detta radianza al sensore. Al fine di ottenere valori fisici dai DN, i fornitori di immagini satellitari usano un'equazione di trasformazione lineare <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> per codificare la radianza al sensore in valori da 8 a 16 bit. I DN si possono riconvertire in valori fisici applicando la formula inversa <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

Il modulo di GRASS GIS {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} trasforma facilmente i DN Landsat in radiance-at-sensor. Il modulo equivalente per i dati ASTER è {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. Per altri satelliti si può usare {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}.

'''Reflection/radiance-at-sensor and surface reflectance'''

When radiance-at-sensor has been obtained, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]

See also, various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/tools/predict.htm NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model).
* [[GRASS GSoC 2012 Image Segmentation|i.segment]]: Image Segmentation

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform Spectral Unmixing ([https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.spec.unmix/description.html manual])
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.spec.unmix|version=7}}: version for GRASS GIS 7

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}}
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion
* {{cmd|i.fusion.brovey}}: image fusion of pan-chromatic and color channels
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen|version=70}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels (GRASS 7)

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment|version=70}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== Spectral unmixing ideas ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Histoical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== <strike>Lidar LAS format</strike> ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7)

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Image processing/it

2013-09-15T15:46:44Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Introduzione generale */ inizio traduzione

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}
== Introduzione ==

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (reflection/radiance-at-sensor):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, cioè il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) è archiviato come una rappresentazione discreta in 8-16 bit. Per esempio, i dati Landsat vengono memorizzati come valori a 8bit (cioè in un intervallo da 0 a 255); i dati di altri satelliti possono essere memorizzati a 10 o 16 bit. Having data stored in DN, it implies that these data are not yet the observed ground reality.

Tali dati son detti "at-satellite", per esempio, la quantità di energia rilevata dal sensore della piattaforma satellitale è codificata in 8 o più bit. Questa energia è detta radianza-al-sensore. Per ottenere valori fisici dai DN, i fornitori di immagini satellitali usano un'equazione di trasformazione lineare <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> per codificare radiance-at-sensor in valori da 8 a 16 bit. I DN si possono riconvertire in valori fisici applicando la formula inversa <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

Il modulo di GRASS GIS {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} trasforma facilmente i DN Landsat in radiance-at-sensor. Il modulo equivalente per i dati ASTER è {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. Per altri satelliti si può usare {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}.

'''Reflection/radiance-at-sensor and surface reflectance'''

When radiance-at-sensor has been obtained, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]

See also, various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/tools/predict.htm NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model).
* [[GRASS GSoC 2012 Image Segmentation|i.segment]]: Image Segmentation

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform Spectral Unmixing ([https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.spec.unmix/description.html manual])
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.spec.unmix|version=7}}: version for GRASS GIS 7

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}}
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion
* {{cmd|i.fusion.brovey}}: image fusion of pan-chromatic and color channels
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen|version=70}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels (GRASS 7)

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment|version=70}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== Spectral unmixing ideas ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Histoical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== <strike>Lidar LAS format</strike> ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7)

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Image processing/it

2013-07-31T23:00:23Z

⚠️Marcocurreli:

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}
== Introduzione ==

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (reflection/radiance-at-sensor):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, i.e. il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) is stored a discrete representation in 8-16 bits. For example, Landsat data are stored in 8bit values (i.e., ranging from 0 to 255); other satellite data may be stored in 10 or 16 bits. Having data stored in DN, it implies that these data are not yet the observed ground reality. Such data are called "at-satellite", for example the amount of energy sensed by the sensor of the satellite platform is encoded in 8 or more bits. This energy is called radiance-at-sensor. To obtain physical values from DNs, satellite image providers use a linear transform equation <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> to encode the radiance-at-sensor in 8 to 16 bits. DNs can be turned back into physical values by applying the reverse formula <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

The GRASS GIS module {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} easily transforms Landsat DN to radiance-at-sensor. The equivalent module for ASTER data is {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. For other satellites, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be employed.

'''Reflection/radiance-at-sensor and surface reflectance'''

When radiance-at-sensor has been obtained, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]

See also, various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/tools/predict.htm NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model).
* [[GRASS GSoC 2012 Image Segmentation|i.segment]]: Image Segmentation

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform Spectral Unmixing ([https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.spec.unmix/description.html manual])
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.spec.unmix|version=7}}: version for GRASS GIS 7

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}}
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion
* {{cmd|i.fusion.brovey}}: image fusion of pan-chromatic and color channels
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen|version=70}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels (GRASS 7)

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment|version=70}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== Spectral unmixing ideas ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Histoical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== <strike>Lidar LAS format</strike> ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7)

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Image processing/it

2013-07-31T22:52:04Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: to translate

{{Trans|Italian|English}}
== Introduzione ==

=== Introduzione generale ===

'''Numeri digitali e valori fisici (reflection/radiance-at-sensor):'''

Le immagini da satellite sono comunemente fornite come numeri digitali (Digital Numbers - DN) per minimizzare il volume di memoria, i.e. il valore fisico analogico campionato in origine (colore, temperatura, etc) is stored a discrete representation in 8-16 bits. For example, Landsat data are stored in 8bit values (i.e., ranging from 0 to 255); other satellite data may be stored in 10 or 16 bits. Having data stored in DN, it implies that these data are not yet the observed ground reality. Such data are called "at-satellite", for example the amount of energy sensed by the sensor of the satellite platform is encoded in 8 or more bits. This energy is called radiance-at-sensor. To obtain physical values from DNs, satellite image providers use a linear transform equation <tt>(y = a * x + b)</tt> to encode the radiance-at-sensor in 8 to 16 bits. DNs can be turned back into physical values by applying the reverse formula <tt>(x = (y - b) / a)</tt>.

The GRASS GIS module {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} easily transforms Landsat DN to radiance-at-sensor. The equivalent module for ASTER data is {{cmd|i.aster.toar}}. For other satellites, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} can be employed.

'''Reflection/radiance-at-sensor and surface reflectance'''

When radiance-at-sensor has been obtained, still the atmosphere influences the signal as recorded at the sensor. This atmospheric interaction with the sun energy reflected back into space by ground/vegetation/soil needs to be corrected. There are two ways to apply atmospheric correction for satellite imagery. The simple way for Landsat is with {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}}, using the DOS correction method. The more accurate way is using {{cmd|i.atcorr}} (which works for many satellite sensors). The atmospherically corrected sensor data represent surface {{wikipedia|reflectance}}, which ranges theoretically from 0 % to 100 %. Note that this level of data correction is the proper level of correction to calculate vegetation indices.

=== Image processing in GRASS GIS ===
Satellite imagery and orthophotos (aerial photographs) are handled in GRASS as raster maps and specialized tasks are performed using the '''imagery''' (i.*) modules. All general operations are handled by the raster modules.

* {{cmd|imageryintro}}: A short introduction to image processing in GRASS 6
* Full [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/imagery/grass4_image_processing.pdf GRASS 4.0 Image Processing manual] (PDF, 47 pages)
* {{cmd|imagery}}: Imagery module help pages

* Data import is generally handled by the {{cmd|r.in.gdal}} module

== Screenshots ==

* The [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/remote-sensing/ imagery screenshots] page

== Importing ==

The wxGUI offers a convenient tool for single map and bulk import:

* see [[Importing data]]

=== Satellite Data ===

==== Ocean Color ====
* [[MODIS]]
* [[MODIS#SeaWiFS|SeaWiFS]]

==== Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ====

* [[MODIS]]
* [[AVHRR]]

==== High Resolution Data ====

* [[IKONOS]]
* [[QuickBird]]

See also, various [http://apollomapping.com/about-us/whitepapers Whitepapers] on High Resolution Satellite Imagery

=== Orthophotos ===

* see [[Orthorectification]]
* see [[Orthorectification digital camera|Ortho-rectification of oblique photographs]]

== Preprocessing ==

See also [http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/tools/predict.htm NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]

=== Geometric preprocessing/Georectification ===

* Georectification tool is available from the File menu in the GUI.
* {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}} (scanned maps, satellite images)
* {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} (aerial images)

A multi-band image may be grouped and georectified with a single set of ground control points ({{cmd|i.group}}, {{cmd|i.target}}, {{cmd|i.rectify}}).

See also the [[Georeferencing]] wiki page

=== Radiometric preprocessing ===

* use {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} to apply gain/bias formula
* [[LANDSAT]]: you can also use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar}} <strike>from [[GRASS AddOns]]</strike> (included since 6.4)

=== Correction for atmospheric effects ===

Visit the dedicated page on [[Atmospheric correction]]

==== Related Modules ====

* {{addonCmd|i.landsat.dehaze}}: simple dark-object/Tasseled Cap based haze minimization (from [[GRASS AddOns]])
* {{cmd|i.atcorr}}: more complex correction but based on atmospheric models

=== Correction for topographic/terrain effects ===

In rugged terrain, such correction might be useful to minimize negative effects.

* simple "cosine correction" using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}, {{cmd|r.mapcalc}} (tends to overshoot when slopes are high)
* In {{cmd|i.topo.corr}} the following correction methods are implemented: cosine, minnaert, percent, c-factor.
** '''Note,''' that for the sun's zenith (in degrees) parameter, the equation "'''Sun's Zenith''' = '''90''' - '''Sun's Elevation'''" is generally valid

=== Cloud removal ===

* with {{cmd|i.landsat.acca}}

== Image classification ==

See the dedicated [[Image classification]] page.

== Image segmentation ==

* {{cmd|i.smap}}: Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}}: Performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model).
* [[GRASS GSoC 2012 Image Segmentation|i.segment]]: Image Segmentation

== Filtering ==

* {{cmd|r.mfilter}}, {{cmd|r.neighbors}}

== Fourier Transform ==

* {{cmd|i.fft}}, {{cmd|i.ifft}}
* see also [[Image destriping]]

== Canonical Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.cca}}

== Principal Component Analysis ==

* {{cmd|i.pca}}
* see also [[Principal Components Analysis]]

== Texture ==

A series of commonly used texture measures (derived from the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM), also called Haralick's texture features are available:

* {{cmd|r.texture}}: In case of panchromatic maps or limited amount of channels, it is often recommended to generate synthetic channels through texture analysis

See [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/mhallbey/texture_calculations.htm here] and [http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/publications/boland/boland_node26.html here] for the formulas to calculate texture. See also [http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:canopy_texture_mapping canopy texture mapping].

== Spectral unmixing ==

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.unmix}} is used to perform Spectral Unmixing ([https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.spec.unmix/description.html manual])
* {{AddonSrc|imagery|i.spec.unmix|version=7}}: version for GRASS GIS 7

== Time series analysis ==

* {{cmd|r.series}}
* see also [[Time series]]
* see also [[Time series development]]

== Enhancements ==

=== Radiometric Enhancements ===
* {{cmd|i.landsat.rgb}}
* Decorrelation stretching with {{cmd|r.colors}} or {{cmd|r.mapcalc}}
* Density slicing with {{cmd|r.colors}}
* [[Principal Component Analysis]] with {{cmd|i.pca}}

=== Geometric Enhancements - Image Fusion - Pansharpening - Image Segmentation ===

Image fusion and Pansharpening:
* {{cmd|i.rgb.his}} and {{cmd|i.his.rgb}}: can be used for image fusion
* {{cmd|i.fusion.brovey}}: image fusion of pan-chromatic and color channels
* {{cmd|i.pansharpen|version=70}}: Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels (GRASS 7)

Segmentation:
* {{AddonCmd|r.seg}} which performs image segmentation and discontinuity detection (based on the Mumford-Shah variational model). The module generates a piece-wise smooth approximation of the input raster map and a raster map of the discontinuities of the output approximation. The discontinuities of the output approximation are preserved from being smoothed. (Addons)
* {{cmd|i.segment|version=70}}: Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data (GRASS 7)

=== Optimal channel selection for color composites ===
* {{cmd|i.oif}}

== Stereo anaglyphs ==

* see [[Stereo anaglyphs]]

== Ideas collection for improving GRASS' Image processing capabilities ==

Below modules need some tuning before being added to GRASS 6. Volunteers welcome.

=== Spectral unmixing ideas ===

* Make use of the [http://spectralpython.sourceforge.net/ Spectral Python] (SPy) which is a pure Python module for processing hyperspectral image data

=== Spectral angle mapping ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.spec.sam}}

=== Geocoding ideas ===

* {{AddonCmd|i.homography}}: geocoding with lines (instead of points) with homography (as improved i.points; it was formerly called i.linespoints)
* support splines from GDAL (see [[GRASS_AddOns#Imagery_add-ons]])
* New [[WxGUI#Georectifier|Georectifier]]: see also http://gama.fsv.cvut.cz/~landa/grass/swf/georect.html

=== Image matching ideas ===
* {{AddonCmd|i.points.auto}}: automated search of GCPs based on FFT correlation (as improved i.points)
: ''Reference:'' M. Neteler, D. Grasso, I. Michelazzi, L. Miori, S. Merler, and C. Furlanello, 2005: An integrated toolbox for image registration, fusion and classification. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 1(1), pp. 51-61 [http://www.grassbook.org/neteler/papers/neteler2005_IJG_051-061_draft.pdf PDF]

=== Image classification ideas ===

* [http://mpa.itc.it/merler/index.html#ml pr: C code for classification problems]
* GRASS implementation: i.pr.* source code is available [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass-addons/grass6/imagery/i.pr here])

=== Stereo ideas ===

This is stand-alone stereo modeling software (DEM extraction etc). Waits for integration into GRASS.
* http://grass.osgeo.org/outgoing/grass5/stereo-0.2b.tar.gz
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/stereo-grass/index.html Stereo Tutorial]

=== Bundle block adjustment ===

Needed to orthorectify a series aerial images taken sequentially with overlap. "Histoical" method which is nowadays interesting for UAV flights with octocopters and such.

Automatec GPC search could be done by "auto-sift".

Available: Octave code which prepares input to an {{cmd|i.ortho.photo}} batch job (contact Markus Neteler).

=== <strike>Lidar LAS format</strike> ===

LAS Tools by M. Isenburg, Howard Butler et al.: http://www.liblas.org

las2txt | r.in.xyz in=- fs=" "

''Update:'' {{cmd|r.in.lidar|version=70}} and {{cmd|v.in.lidar|version=70}} implemented by Markus Metz (GRASS 7)

(see [[LIDAR]])

=== Improving the existing code ===

It might be sensible to merge the various image libraries:

* GRASS 6 standard libs:
** lib/imagery/: standard lib, in use (i.* except for i.points3, i.rectify3, see below)
** imagery/i.ortho.photo/libes/: standard lib, in use ({{cmd|i.ortho.photo}}, photo.*)
* GRASS 5 (! only) image3 lib:
** [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/libes/image3 libes/image3/]: never finished improvement which integrated the standard lib and the ortho lib. Seems to provide also ortho rectification for satellite data ([http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.points3 i.points3], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_5_5/src/imagery/i.rectify3 i.rectify3])
* GRASS 5/6 image proc commands:
** merge of {{cmd|i.points}}, {{cmd|i.vpoints}}, i.points3 (see above)
** merge of {{cmd|i.rectify}} and i.rectify3 (see above)
** <strike>addition of new resampling algorithms such as bilinear, cubic convolution (take from {{cmd|r.proj}} or {{cmd|r.resamp.aggreg}})</strike> (done 10/2010)
** add other warping methods (maybe lanczos or thin splines from GDAL?): [[Addons#i.warp]]
** implement/finish linewise ortho-rectification of satellite data

== Bibliography ==

* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+image+processing "GRASS GIS Image processing"] - Google Scholar
* Search for [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?sourceid=mozclient&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&q=grass+gis+remote+sensing "GRASS GIS Remote Sensing"] - Google Scholar

[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Image processing]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-07-31T22:13:23Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS */ updated

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e programmi aggiuntivi forniti dagli utenti. Per modificare le pagine del wiki bisogna essere registrati ed eseguire l'accesso (si veda il collegamento in alto a destra).

Per una rapida sintesi di GRASS si veda [[core features|caratteristiche principali]]. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultare la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''Cosa bolle in pentola:'''
* <font size="+2">[http://grass.osgeo.org/news/28/15/Stable-GRASS-GIS-6-4-3-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' è arrivato!]</font> {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download download] {{bullet}} [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 segnalare qualsiasi problema]
* Ora: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* In corso: [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/Grass7/NewFeatures Elenco di nuove funzionalità in GRASS GIS 7] (date una mano per [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/#g70x testarle])
* Completato: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* Prova il [[Quick wxGUI tutorial|breve tutorial di wxGUI]]
* Supporto per i dati temporali e altre nuove [[Initiatives|Iniziative]]
* [[Cartography#Display_monitors|Nuove scale grafiche e indicatori del nord]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Comunità ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px|link=http://www.osgeo.org]]
<center>[http://www.osgeo.org OSGeo] Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Rilasciato con licenza GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns|Moduli aggiuntivi di GRASS]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Sviluppo ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#widget:Ohloh Project|id=3666|type=partner_badge}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-07-21T10:16:38Z

⚠️Marcocurreli:

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e programmi aggiuntivi forniti dagli utenti. Per modificare le pagine del wiki bisogna essere registrati ed eseguire l'accesso (si veda il collegamento in alto a destra).

Per una rapida sintesi di GRASS si veda [[core features|caratteristiche principali]]. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultare la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''Cosa bolle in pentola:'''
* Ora: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* Ora: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* A breve: [http://grass.osgeo.org/news/22/15/GRASS-GIS-6-4-3RC3-source-code-and-selected-binaries-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' è quasi pronto!] {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download scaricate la release candidate], [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 help spot bugs]
* A breve: [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/Grass7/NewFeatures Elenco di nuove funzionalità in GRASS GIS 7] (date una mano per [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/#g70x testarle])
* Prova il [[Quick wxGUI tutorial|breve tutorial di wxGUI]]
* Supporto per i dati temporali e altre nuove [[Initiatives|Iniziative]]
* [[Cartography#Display_monitors|Nuove scale grafiche e indicatori del nord]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Comunità ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px|link=http://www.osgeo.org]]
<center>[http://www.osgeo.org OSGeo] Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Rilasciato con licenza GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns|Moduli aggiuntivi di GRASS]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Sviluppo ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#widget:Ohloh Project|id=3666|type=partner_badge}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-06-27T22:53:26Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS */

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e programmi aggiuntivi forniti dagli utenti. Per modificare le pagine del wiki bisogna essere registrati ed eseguire l'accesso (si veda il collegamento in alto a destra).

Per una rapida sintesi di GRASS si veda [[core features|caratteristiche principali]]. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultare la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''Cosa bolle in pentola:'''
* Ora: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* A luglio: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* A breve: [http://grass.osgeo.org/news/22/15/GRASS-GIS-6-4-3RC3-source-code-and-selected-binaries-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' è quasi pronto!] {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download scaricate la release candidate], [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 help spot bugs]
* A breve: [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/Grass7/NewFeatures Elenco di nuove funzionalità in GRASS GIS 7] (date una mano per [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/#g70x testarle])
* Prova il [[Quick wxGUI tutorial|breve tutorial di wxGUI]]
* Supporto per i dati temporali e altre nuove [[Initiatives|Iniziative]]
* [[Cartography#Display_monitors|Nuove scale grafiche e indicatori del nord]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Comunità ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px|link=http://www.osgeo.org]]
<center>[http://www.osgeo.org OSGeo] Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Rilasciato con licenza GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns|Moduli aggiuntivi di GRASS]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Sviluppo ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#widget:Ohloh Project|id=3666|type=partner_badge}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-06-27T22:39:10Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS */ same as last english edit

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e programmi aggiuntivi forniti dagli utenti. Per modificare le pagine del wiki bisogna essere registrati ed eseguire l'accesso (si veda il collegamento in alto a destra).

Per una rapida sintesi di GRASS si veda [[core features|caratteristiche principali]]. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultare la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''Cosa c'è di nuovo:'''
* Ora: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* A luglio: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* A breve: [http://grass.osgeo.org/news/22/15/GRASS-GIS-6-4-3RC3-source-code-and-selected-binaries-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' è quasi pronto!] {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download scaricate la release candidate], [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 help spot bugs]
* Di recente: [http://grass.osgeo.org Sito di GRASS GIS completamente rinnovato!]
* Prova il [[Quick wxGUI tutorial|breve tutorial di wxGUI]]
* Supporto per i dati temporali e altre nuove [[Initiatives|Iniziative]]
* [[Cartography#Display_monitors|Nuove scale grafiche e indicatori del nord]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Comunità ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px|link=http://www.osgeo.org]]
<center>[http://www.osgeo.org OSGeo] Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Rilasciato con licenza GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns|Moduli aggiuntivi di GRASS]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Sviluppo ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#widget:Ohloh Project|id=3666|type=partner_badge}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Shell scripting

2013-05-19T22:34:41Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Inserting coordinates in a raster module from a vector points map */

=== What is this? ===

This page contains information about Shell scripting for GRASS GIS.

'''The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29 shell]''' for the Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is essentially a command(-line) interpreter or processor, a text-based user interface through which one can instruct the operating system of a computer. One or more commands can be written in a script (usually a simple text file) which, in turn, can be read and executed by the shell. The most widespread shell is probably [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29 bash].

'''Scripting''' is the act of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining a set of commands which perform specific, from simple to complex, tasks.

''Note, content below transfered here from the page [http://grasswiki.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS_and_Shell GRASS and Shell].''

=== Scripting for GRASS ===

It is fairly easy to write a GRASS job as Shell script which launches GRASS, does the operation and cleans up the temporary files.

Often, it is convenient to automate repeated jobs. GRASS can be controlled via user scripts to facilitate daily work. How to start? Using the command line is a kind of writing scripts without saving them - so, you may start to write '''your first script''' by saving the executed commands in a text file (use your preferred editor to do so, ideally save the script file in ASCII format).

'''Important Note''': if you don't know shell programming and consider to learn it,
better look at Python (e.g. [[GRASS and Python]]) to not waste time...

== A first GRASS shell script ==

Comments should be started with a '#' character. The first line indicates the shell interpreter to be used, here "sh" which is always in the /bin/ directory.

Silly example, run within a GRASS session:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# my first script,
# copyright, year, Author

# plot current region settings
g.region -p

# leave with exit status 0 which means "ok":
exit 0
</source>

Save this in a file "myscript.sh" and run it within GRASS GIS from the command line:

<source lang="bash">
sh myscript.sh
</source>

It should print the current region settings, finish, and return to the command line.

For '''shell debugging''', run instead:

<source lang="bash">
sh -x myscript.sh
</source>

It will echo every line which helps to identify errors.

=== Example 1: d.rast.region (simple) ===

Script to set [[computational region]] to a raster map ($1 is the parameter given to the script, here map name):

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

g.region rast=$1
d.erase
d.rast $1
exit 0
</source>

Using the script in a "North Carolina" location GRASS 6 session:

<source lang="bash">
d.mon x0
sh d.rast.region elev_state_500m
sh d.rast.region lsat7_2002_40
</source>

=== Example 2: d.rast.region (improved) ===

In this example, we assign the first parameter ($1) given to the script (here map name) to a new variable which is easier to understand in the script. Again, the script is setting the computational region to a raster map, but now it says what happens:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

# be careful to not have white space in the next line:
map=$1
g.message message="Setting computational region to map <$map>"
g.region rast=$map
d.erase
d.rast $map
exit 0
</source>

Using the script in a "North Carolina" location GRASS 6 session: see Example 1 above.

=== Example 3: d.rast.region (improved again) ===

Here we introduce the variable $0 which contains the program name as well as a test to see if the user specified the map to be shown:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

if [ $# -lt 1 ] ; then
echo "Parameter not defined. Usage"
echo " $0 rastermap"
exit 1
fi

map=$1
g.message message="Setting computational region to map <$map>"
g.region rast=$map
d.erase
d.rast $map
exit 0
</source>

To see how it works, it is interesting to use shell debugging:

<source lang="bash">
d.mon x0
sh -x d.rast.region elev_state_500m
</source>

=== Example 4: Parameter handling ===

Assume you want to create a shell script for GRASS that has two parameters (x and y coordinates) in order to calculate the watershed related to this outlet point ({{cmd|r.water.outlet}}). In shell, the variables $1 $2 and so on are the parameters you pass on to the script. So, if you have a script called basin.sh and you type

<source lang="bash">
sh basin.sh -23.3 -47.7
</source>

the variable $1 will be -23.3 and $2 will be -47.6. So in your script basin.sh you could use the line

<source lang="bash">
r.water.outlet drainage="your_map" basin="basin_map" easting=$2 northing=$1
</source>

Likewise, you could also pass a third parameter for the basin map name, etc.

However, it is highly recommended to use {{cmd|g.parser}} for the parameter handling. It is much easier and then even the graphical user interface will be autocreated and standard messages appear already translated! You can clone from existing scripts, see [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/scripts here] for a series of examples.

== Using output from GRASS modules in the script ==

Sometimes you need to use the output of a module for the next step in a script. Most of the GRASS modules which produce numeric output offer a "-g" flag to facilitate the parsing of the results. Along with the "eval" shell function you can reduce the effort of using printed output in the next step to a minimum. The trick is that the equal sign is considered as variable assignment in shell:

# North Carolina example
inmap=elevation
outmap=some_result

Example for common module output:
g.region rast=$inmap
r.info -r $inmap
min=55.57879
max=156.3299

Using this in a script:
eval `r.info -r $inmap`
r.mapcalc "$outmap = float($inmap) / $max"

Verify:
r.info -r $outmap
min=0.355522472489405
max=0.999999772928615

== Best practice shell programming ==

There are many books on the subject, and the subject will be subjective to personal preference, but here are some tips from fellow wiki users. For patches submitted to GRASS, please follow the code guidelines set out in the SUBMITTING files in the main dir of the source code.

* try to reach 50% of comments, started with # character (see above). Then you will understand your script even after years
* add an initial comment about what the script does
* study existing scripts, see [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/scripts here] for a series of scripts

Error management:

A module which terminates with a fatal error will return a non-zero exit status, so you can use the command with "if", "||", "&&" etc, or test the value of "$?".

== Inserting coordinates in a raster module from a vector points map ==

Some raster modules have an option coordinates= , but don't have the option for selecting them from a vector points map. The following example refers to the module r.viewshed.

First, you must have a vector map with the coordinates in the attribute table; if not, add it with v.db.addcolumn and v.to.db.

=== Example 1: r.viewshed - selecting a single point from vector map ===
<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/bash
# Author: Marco Curreli
# Usage: sh myviewshed.sh cat
# "cat" is the category of the point from the vector map

VECT=myvector

ARG=1
E_ERR_ARG=65
if [ $# -ne "$ARG" ]
### Verifies the number of arguments ###
then
echo "Usage: $0 cat"
exit $E_ERR_ARG
fi

# point coordinates
COR=$(v.db.select -c map=$VECT columns=x,y separator=, where="cat = $1")

r.viewshed --verbose -c in=dtm out=visib_$1 coordinate=$COR obs_elev=2.75 memory=3000 stream_dir=tmp
</source>

=== Example 2: r.viewshed - batch process by selecting points from vector map ===
<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/bash
# Author: Marco Curreli
# Usage: sh myviewshed_batch.sh cat1,cat2[,cat3,...] [cat3..catN]
# "cat" is the category of the point from the vector map
# example: to selecting cats 1 3 5 6 7
# sh myviewshed_batch.sh 1,3 5..7

VECT=myvector

CAT1=$(
for index in $(eval echo {$1})
do
echo -n "$index "
done

echo
)

CAT2=$(
for index in $(eval echo {$2})
do
echo -n "$index "
done

echo
)

ARG=1
E_ERR_ARG=65
if [ $# -lt "$ARG" ]
then
echo "Usage: $0 cat1,cat2[,cat3,...] [cat3..catN]
you must specify at least one argument"
exit $E_ERR_ARG
fi

# to working with one or two arguments
if [[ -n $2 ]]
then
CATS=$(echo $CAT1 $CAT2)
else
CATS=$(echo $CAT1)
fi

echo categories: $CATS

# list of categories with their coordinates
for i in $CATS
do
v.db.select -c map=$VECT columns=cat,x,y separator=, where="cat = $i" >> ${VECT}_coord.csv
done

PTI=$(echo $(cat ${VECT}_coord.csv))

for p in $PTI
do
set -- $p

#coordinates
CORD=$( echo $p | gawk -F "," '{print $2","$3}')

#category
CAT=$( echo $p | gawk -F "," '{print $1}')

r.viewshed --verbose --overwrite in=dtm out=visib_$CAT coordinate=$CORD obs_elev=2.75 memory=1500 stream_dir=tmp

done

rm ${VECT}_coord.csv
</source>

[[Category:FAQ]]
[[Category:Bash]]
[[Category:Scripting]]
[[Category:Linking to other languages]]

Shell scripting

2013-05-19T22:30:11Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: added == Inserting coordinates in a raster module from a vector points map ==

=== What is this? ===

This page contains information about Shell scripting for GRASS GIS.

'''The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29 shell]''' for the Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is essentially a command(-line) interpreter or processor, a text-based user interface through which one can instruct the operating system of a computer. One or more commands can be written in a script (usually a simple text file) which, in turn, can be read and executed by the shell. The most widespread shell is probably [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29 bash].

'''Scripting''' is the act of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining a set of commands which perform specific, from simple to complex, tasks.

''Note, content below transfered here from the page [http://grasswiki.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS_and_Shell GRASS and Shell].''

=== Scripting for GRASS ===

It is fairly easy to write a GRASS job as Shell script which launches GRASS, does the operation and cleans up the temporary files.

Often, it is convenient to automate repeated jobs. GRASS can be controlled via user scripts to facilitate daily work. How to start? Using the command line is a kind of writing scripts without saving them - so, you may start to write '''your first script''' by saving the executed commands in a text file (use your preferred editor to do so, ideally save the script file in ASCII format).

'''Important Note''': if you don't know shell programming and consider to learn it,
better look at Python (e.g. [[GRASS and Python]]) to not waste time...

== A first GRASS shell script ==

Comments should be started with a '#' character. The first line indicates the shell interpreter to be used, here "sh" which is always in the /bin/ directory.

Silly example, run within a GRASS session:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# my first script,
# copyright, year, Author

# plot current region settings
g.region -p

# leave with exit status 0 which means "ok":
exit 0
</source>

Save this in a file "myscript.sh" and run it within GRASS GIS from the command line:

<source lang="bash">
sh myscript.sh
</source>

It should print the current region settings, finish, and return to the command line.

For '''shell debugging''', run instead:

<source lang="bash">
sh -x myscript.sh
</source>

It will echo every line which helps to identify errors.

=== Example 1: d.rast.region (simple) ===

Script to set [[computational region]] to a raster map ($1 is the parameter given to the script, here map name):

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

g.region rast=$1
d.erase
d.rast $1
exit 0
</source>

Using the script in a "North Carolina" location GRASS 6 session:

<source lang="bash">
d.mon x0
sh d.rast.region elev_state_500m
sh d.rast.region lsat7_2002_40
</source>

=== Example 2: d.rast.region (improved) ===

In this example, we assign the first parameter ($1) given to the script (here map name) to a new variable which is easier to understand in the script. Again, the script is setting the computational region to a raster map, but now it says what happens:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

# be careful to not have white space in the next line:
map=$1
g.message message="Setting computational region to map <$map>"
g.region rast=$map
d.erase
d.rast $map
exit 0
</source>

Using the script in a "North Carolina" location GRASS 6 session: see Example 1 above.

=== Example 3: d.rast.region (improved again) ===

Here we introduce the variable $0 which contains the program name as well as a test to see if the user specified the map to be shown:

<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/sh
# Author: me, today; copyright: GPL >= 2
# Purpose: Script to set computational region to a raster map
# Usage: d.rast.region rastermap

if [ $# -lt 1 ] ; then
echo "Parameter not defined. Usage"
echo " $0 rastermap"
exit 1
fi

map=$1
g.message message="Setting computational region to map <$map>"
g.region rast=$map
d.erase
d.rast $map
exit 0
</source>

To see how it works, it is interesting to use shell debugging:

<source lang="bash">
d.mon x0
sh -x d.rast.region elev_state_500m
</source>

=== Example 4: Parameter handling ===

Assume you want to create a shell script for GRASS that has two parameters (x and y coordinates) in order to calculate the watershed related to this outlet point ({{cmd|r.water.outlet}}). In shell, the variables $1 $2 and so on are the parameters you pass on to the script. So, if you have a script called basin.sh and you type

<source lang="bash">
sh basin.sh -23.3 -47.7
</source>

the variable $1 will be -23.3 and $2 will be -47.6. So in your script basin.sh you could use the line

<source lang="bash">
r.water.outlet drainage="your_map" basin="basin_map" easting=$2 northing=$1
</source>

Likewise, you could also pass a third parameter for the basin map name, etc.

However, it is highly recommended to use {{cmd|g.parser}} for the parameter handling. It is much easier and then even the graphical user interface will be autocreated and standard messages appear already translated! You can clone from existing scripts, see [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/scripts here] for a series of examples.

== Using output from GRASS modules in the script ==

Sometimes you need to use the output of a module for the next step in a script. Most of the GRASS modules which produce numeric output offer a "-g" flag to facilitate the parsing of the results. Along with the "eval" shell function you can reduce the effort of using printed output in the next step to a minimum. The trick is that the equal sign is considered as variable assignment in shell:

# North Carolina example
inmap=elevation
outmap=some_result

Example for common module output:
g.region rast=$inmap
r.info -r $inmap
min=55.57879
max=156.3299

Using this in a script:
eval `r.info -r $inmap`
r.mapcalc "$outmap = float($inmap) / $max"

Verify:
r.info -r $outmap
min=0.355522472489405
max=0.999999772928615

== Best practice shell programming ==

There are many books on the subject, and the subject will be subjective to personal preference, but here are some tips from fellow wiki users. For patches submitted to GRASS, please follow the code guidelines set out in the SUBMITTING files in the main dir of the source code.

* try to reach 50% of comments, started with # character (see above). Then you will understand your script even after years
* add an initial comment about what the script does
* study existing scripts, see [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/scripts here] for a series of scripts

Error management:

A module which terminates with a fatal error will return a non-zero exit status, so you can use the command with "if", "||", "&&" etc, or test the value of "$?".

== Inserting coordinates in a raster module from a vector points map ==

Some raster modules have an option coordinates= , but don't have the option for selecting them from a vector points map. The following example refers to the module r.viewshed.

First, you must have a vector map with the coordinates in the attribute table; if not, add it with v.db.addcolumn and v.to.db.

=== Example 1: r.viewshed - selecting a single point from vector map ===
<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/bash
# Usage: sh myviewshed.sh cat
# "cat" is the category of the point from the vector map

VECT=myvector

ARG=1
E_ERR_ARG=65
if [ $# -ne "$ARG" ]
### Verifies the number of arguments ###
then
echo "Usage: $0 cat"
exit $E_ERR_ARG
fi

# point coordinates
COR=$(v.db.select -c map=$VECT columns=x,y separator=, where="cat = $1")

r.viewshed --verbose -c in=dtm out=visib_$1 coordinate=$COR obs_elev=2.75 memory=3000 stream_dir=tmp
</source>

=== Example 2: r.viewshed - batch process by selecting points from vector map ===
<source lang="bash">
#!/bin/bash
# Usage: sh myviewshed_batch.sh cat1,cat2[,cat3,...] [cat3..catN]
# "cat" is the category of the point from the vector map
# example: to selecting cats 1 3 5 6 7
# sh myviewshed_batch.sh 1,3 5..7

VECT=myvector

CAT1=$(
for index in $(eval echo {$1})
do
echo -n "$index "
done

echo
)

CAT2=$(
for index in $(eval echo {$2})
do
echo -n "$index "
done

echo
)

ARG=1
E_ERR_ARG=65
if [ $# -lt "$ARG" ]
then
echo "Usage: $0 cat1,cat2[,cat3,...] [cat3..catN]
you must specify at least one argument"
exit $E_ERR_ARG
fi

# to working with one or two arguments
if [[ -n $2 ]]
then
CATS=$(echo $CAT1 $CAT2)
else
CATS=$(echo $CAT1)
fi

echo categories: $CATS

# list of categories with their coordinates
for i in $CATS
do
v.db.select -c map=$VECT columns=cat,x,y separator=, where="cat = $i" >> ${VECT}_coord.csv
done

PTI=$(echo $(cat ${VECT}_coord.csv))

for p in $PTI
do
set -- $p

#coordinates
CORD=$( echo $p | gawk -F "," '{print $2","$3}')

#category
CAT=$( echo $p | gawk -F "," '{print $1}')

r.viewshed --verbose --overwrite in=dtm out=visib_$CAT coordinate=$CORD obs_elev=2.75 memory=1500 stream_dir=tmp

done

rm ${VECT}_coord.csv
</source>

[[Category:FAQ]]
[[Category:Bash]]
[[Category:Scripting]]
[[Category:Linking to other languages]]

GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it

2013-05-18T19:51:04Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: small adjustments

Si desidera tradurre pagine di questo Wiki? Ottimo, continuate a leggere! Questa pagina descrive il funzionamento multilingue del GRASS-Wiki. Tutte le pagine vengono auto-indicizzate dopo pochi minuti e il collegamento alla lingua appare nel menù a sinistra.

== Titolo della pagina ==

La versione in inglese della pagina principale si trova in [[GRASS-Wiki]]. Le versioni tradotte vengono collocate in GRASS-Wiki/codice dove 'codice' è il codice della lingua (per esempio [[GRASS-Wiki/it]] per la lingua italiana). È importante seguire le regole dei codici di lingua, al fine di consentire a Mediawiki di creare l'autoindicizzazione della traduzione (per i codici di lingua, [[#Language codes|vedi sotto]]).

Quando si comincia a tradurre una pagina in una nuova lingua, il suo nome deve seguire questa convenzione:

Nome originale/codice

per esempio, una pagina con la traduzione italiana di [[GRASS Community]] sarebbe "GRASS Community/it", in indonesiano sarebbe "GRASS Community/id" eccetera.

== Categoria Languages/codice ==

Le pagine tradotte sono raggrupate per categoria "Languages/codice"; si veda p.es. l'elenco delle pagine tradotte in [[:Category:Languages/it|italiano]].

La regola è: le pagine non in inglese devono contenere in fondo alla pagina

<nowiki>[[Category:Languages/codice]]</nowiki>

cioé per l'italiano [[:Category:Languages/it]], per il ceco [[:Category:Languages/cs]], etc.

== Modello "Trans" ==

Per le pagine in corso di traduzione c'è il modello [[Template:Trans|Trans].
Aggiungerlo se la traduzione non è completata, in modo da poterla ritrovare facilmente.

<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>

Questo modello va rimosso una volta completata la traduzione.

== Codici delle lingue ==

In tutto il GRASS-Wiki, quando si creano contenuti in una determinata lingua si dovrebbero usare i codici di lingua specificati dal programma MediaWiki (si veda [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/languages/Names.php Names.php] per la lista completa e aggiornata).

Si tenga presente inoltre quanto segue '''(ma non dovrebbe interessare la maggiornaza delle lingue!)''':

* Se il codice di lingua non si trova in Names.php, questo sito potrebbe non accettare pagine di aiuto scritte in quella lingua (poiché il meccanismo di indicizzazione fallirebbe).

* Per aggiungere una lingua non presente in Mediawiki, bisogna prima farla aggiungere al software (facendone richiesta a [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla]) e aggiugere pagine qui solo dopo che i cambiamenti sono stati accettati e il wiki di GRASS è stato aggiornato di conseguenza.

* Se MediaWiki usa il codice 'non corretto' per una lingua, si dovrebbe usare lo stesso codice anche qui (per coerenza). Se si ritiene che un codice non sia corretto se ne dovrebbe discutere su [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla], e se questo comporta il cambiamento del codice le pagine verranno spostate in modo che corrispondano.
* Da notare che alcuni codici di lingua in Names.php ora sono deprecati (e.g. <tt>zh-yue</tt> è stato sostituito con <tt>yue</tt>). In questi casi dovrebbe essere usato solo il codice più recente.

== La procedura in dettaglio ==

Per tradurre una pagina Wiki:
# Creare una nuova pagina col suffisso della lingua, p.es. /it. Ad esempio, per creare la pagina <nowiki>http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it</nowiki> basta inserire questo URL nella barra degli indirizzi del browser. La pagina non esiste ancora ed è possibile aprirla per le modifiche. Si veda anche [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Iniziare una nuova pagina].
# Copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki della pagina originale (inglese) nella nuova pagina (usare "modifica" nella pagina originale per vederlo). In questo esempio, copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki da http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D in http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it
# Aggiungere la categoria della lingua in fondo alla pagina, p.es. <nowiki>[[Category:Languages/it]]</nowiki>, quindi iniziare a tradurre. Se non si riesce a portare a termine la traduzione, aggiungere il modello (template) "lavoro in corso" in cima alla pagina (<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>). <nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki> genererà nella pagina un'annotazione <blockquote> This page is in progress of translating to Italiano from English</blockquote>.

# Se questa procedura è ancora poco chiara, lasciare un commento nella pagina discussione.

'''Buona traduzione e buon divertimento :)'''


[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it

2013-05-18T18:44:43Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: template Trans removed

Si desidera tradurre pagine di questo Wiki? Ottimo, continuate a leggere! Questa pagina descrive il funzionamento multilinguale del GRASS-Wiki. Tutte le pagine vengono auto-indicizzati dopo pochi minuti e il link della lingua appare nel menu a sinistra.

== Titolo della pagina ==

La versione in inglese della pagina principale si trova in [[GRASS-Wiki]]. Le versioni tradotte vengono collocate in GRASS-Wiki/codice dove 'codice' è il codice della lingua (per esempio [[GRASS-Wiki/it]] per lingua italiana). È importante seguire le regole dei codici di lingua, al fine di consentire a Mediawiki di creare l'autoindicizzazione della traduzione (per i codici di lingua, [[#Language codes|vedi sotto]]).

Quando si comincia a tradurre una pagina in una nuova lingua, il suo nome deve seguire questa convenzione:

Nome originale/codice

per esempio, una pagina con la traduzione italiana di [[GRASS Community]] sarebbe "GRASS Community/it", in indonesiano sarebbe "GRASS Community/id" et cetera.

== Categoria Languages/codice ==

Le pagine tradotte sono raggrupate per categoria "Languages/codice"; si veda p.es. l'elenco delle pagine tradotte in [[:Category:Languages/it|italiano]].

La regola è: le pagine non in inglese devono contenere in fondo alla pagina

<nowiki>[[Category:Languages/codice]]</nowiki>

cioé per l'italiano [[:Category:Languages/it]], per il ceco [[:Category:Languages/cs]], etc.

== Modello "Trans" ==

Per le pagine in corso di traduzione c'è il modello [[Template:Trans|Trans].
Aggiungerlo se la traduzione non è completata, in modo da poterla ritrovare facilmente.

<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>

Questo modello va rimosso una volta completata la traduzione.

== Codici della lingua ==

In tutto il GRASS-Wiki, quando si creano contenuti in una determinata lingua si dovrebbero usare i codici della lingua specificati dal programma MediaWiki (si veda [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/languages/Names.php Names.php] per la lista completa e aggiornata).

Si tenga presente inoltre quanto segue '''(ma non dovrebbe interessare la maggiornaza delle lingue!)''':

* Se il codice della lingua non si trova in Names.php, questo sito potrebbe non accettare pagine di aiuto scritte in quella lingua (poiché il meccanismo di indicizzazione fallirebbe).

* Per aggiungere una lingua non presente in Mediawiki, bisogna prima farla aggiungere al software (facendone richiesta a [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla]) e aggiugere pagine qui solo dopo che i cambiamenti sono stati accettati e il wiki di GRASS è stato aggiornato di conseguenza.

* Se MediaWiki usa il codice 'non corretto' per una lingua, si dovrebbe usare lo stesso codice anche qui (per coerenza). Se si ritiene che un codice non sia corretto se ne dovrebbe discutere su [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla], e se questo comporta il cambiamento del codice le pagine verranno spostate in modo che corrispondano.
* Da notare che alcuni codici della lingua in Names.php ora sono deprecati (e.g. <tt>zh-yue</tt> è stato sostituito con <tt>yue</tt>). In questi casi dovrebbe essere usato solo il codice più recente.

== La procedura in dettaglio ==

Per tradurre una pagina Wiki:
# Creare una nuova pagina col suffisso della lingua, p.es. /it. Ad esempio, per creare la pagina <nowiki>http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it</nowiki> basta inserire questo URL nella barra degli indirizzi del browser. La pagina non esiste ancora ed è possibile aprirla per le modifiche. Si veda anche [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Iniziare una nuova pagina].
# Copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki della pagina originale (inglese) nella nuova pagina (usare "modifica" nella pagina originale per vederlo). In questo esempio, copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki da http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D in http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it
# Aggiungere la categoria della lingua in fondo alla pagina, p.es. <nowiki>[[Category:Languages/it]]</nowiki>, quindi iniziare a tradurre. Se non si riesce a portare a termine la traduzione, aggiungere il modello (template) "lavoro in corso" in cima alla pagina (<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>). <nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki> genererà nella pagina un'annotazione <blockquote> This page is in progress of translating to Italiano from English</blockquote>.

# Se questa procedura è ancora poco chiara, lasciare un commento nella pagina discussione.

'''Buona traduzione e buon divertimento :)'''


[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it

2013-05-18T11:17:49Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Detailed procedure */

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

Si desidera tradurre pagine di questo Wiki? Ottimo, continuate a leggere! Questa pagina descrive il funzionamento multilinguale del GRASS-Wiki. Tutte le pagine vengono auto-indicizzati dopo pochi minuti e il link della lingua appare nel menu a sinistra.

== Titolo della pagina ==

La versione in inglese della pagina principale si trova in [[GRASS-Wiki]]. Le versioni tradotte vengono collocate in GRASS-Wiki/codice dove 'codice' è il codice della lingua (per esempio [[GRASS-Wiki/it]] per lingua italiana). È importante seguire le regole dei codici di lingua, al fine di consentire a Mediawiki di creare l'autoindicizzazione della traduzione (per i codici di lingua, [[#Language codes|vedi sotto]]).

Quando si comincia a tradurre una pagina in una nuova lingua, il suo nome deve seguire questa convenzione:

Nome originale/codice

per esempio, una pagina con la traduzione italiana di [[GRASS Community]] sarebbe "GRASS Community/it", in indonesiano sarebbe "GRASS Community/id" et cetera.

== Categoria Languages/codice ==

Le pagine tradotte sono raggrupate per categoria "Languages/codice"; si veda p.es. l'elenco delle pagine tradotte in [[:Category:Languages/it|italiano]].

La regola è: le pagine non in inglese devono contenere in fondo alla pagina

<nowiki>[[Category:Languages/code]]</nowiki>

cioé per l'italiano [[:Category:Languages/it]], per il ceco [[:Category:Languages/cs]], etc.

== Modello (template) "Trans" ==

Per le pagine in corso di traduzione c'è il modello (template) [[Template:Trans|Trans].
Aggiungerlo se la traduzione non è completata, in modo da poterla ritrovare facilmente.

<nowiki>{{Trans|Russian|English}}</nowiki>

Questo modello va rimosso una volta completata la traduzione.

== Codici della lingua ==

In tutto il GRASS-Wiki, quando si creano contenuti in una determinata lingua si dovrebbero usare i codici della lingua specificati dal programma MediaWiki (si veda [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/languages/Names.php Names.php] per la lista completa e aggiornata).

Si tenga presente inoltre quanto segue '''(ma non dovrebbe interessare la maggiornaza delle lingue!)''':

* Se il codice della lingua non si trova in Names.php, questo sito potrebbe non accettare pagine di aiuto scritte in quella lingua (poiché il meccanismo di indicizzazione fallirebbe).

* Per aggiungere una lingua non presente in Mediawiki, bisogna prima farla aggiungere al software (facendone richiesta a [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla]) e aggiugere pagine qui solo dopo che i cambiamenti sono stati accettati e il wiki di GRASS è stato aggiornato di conseguenza.

* Se MediaWiki usa il codice 'non corretto' per una lingua, si dovrebbe usare lo stesso codice anche qui (per coerenza). Se si ritiene che un codice non sia corretto se ne dovrebbe discutere su [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla], e se questo comporta il cambiamento del codice le pagine verranno spostate in modo che corrispondano.
* Da notare che alcuni codici della lingua in Names.php ora sono deprecati (e.g. <tt>zh-yue</tt> è stato sostituito con <tt>yue</tt>). In questi casi dovrebbe essere usato solo il codice più recente.

== La procedura in dettaglio ==

Per tradurre una pagina Wiki:
# Creare una nuova pagina col suffisso della lingua, p.es. /it. Ad esempio, per creare la pagina <nowiki>http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it</nowiki> basta inserire questo URL nella barra degli indirizzi del browser. La pagina non esiste ancora ed è possibile aprirla per le modifiche. Si veda anche [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Iniziare una nuova pagina].
# Copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki della pagina originale (inglese) nella nuova pagina (usare "modifica" nella pagina originale per vederlo). In questo esempio, copiare il codice sorgente del Wiki da http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D in http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it
# Aggiungere la categoria della lingua in fondo alla pagina, p.es. <nowiki>[[Category:Languages/it]]</nowiki>, quindi iniziare a tradurre. Se non si riesce a portare a termine la traduzione, aggiungere il modello (template) "lavoro in corso" in cima alla pagina (<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>). <nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki> genererà nella pagina un'annotazione <blockquote> This page is in progress of translating to Italiano from English</blockquote> per informare i potenziali revisori.

# Se questa procedura è ancora poco chiara, lasciare un commento nella pagina discussione.

'''Buona traduzione :)'''


[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-18T07:58:45Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: template Trans removed

== Istruzioni generali ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* I pacchetti nativi di winGRASS con l' '''Installatore''' si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ qui] (non è necessario Cygwin). Si veda anche [[WinGRASS Current Status|Stato corrente di WinGRASS]].

* I pacchetti di winGRASS/Cygwin si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ qui] (richiede l'emulatore UNIX [[Cygwin]], si veda la pagina relativa).

* QGIS coi pacchetti nativi di winGRASS si trova [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download qui] (non è necessario Cygwin).

* Installare usando [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ l'installatore OSGeo4W] (GRASS dev'essere selezionato dalla sezione "Advanced")

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

Una versione binaria di GRASS è disponibile nel repository apt. Come utente root battere:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

Questo è il modo più facile per installare GRASS su Debian. Se si sceglie di installare manualmente una versione binaria dal sito principale, assicurarsi di seguire le istruzioni per creare collegamenti simbolici nella nota al [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ rilascio settimanale della vers. 6.4]].

==== DebianGis ====

C'è anche il bellissimo progetto [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] che ha una versione di GRASS più recente coi pacchetti correlati. Leggere qui per maggiori [[GRASS in Debian |dettagli]].

==== Compilare GRASS dai sorgenti ====

* Si veda [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] dal codice sorgente.

=== Installazione su Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] fornisce pacchetti RPM per le versioni stabili preparate per l'installazione sui sistemi Fedora:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] fornisce gli RPM per PROJ/GDAL/GRASS. Versioni più recenti si trovano sella sezione "backports":

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] fornisce i pacchetti RPM per GRASS e per i programmi correlati.

'''GRASS 6:''' Per installare GRASS 6 su openSUSE:

Dal terminale:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' Per installare l'ultimo rilascio SVN di GRASS 7:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS e Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offre GRASS e i binari correlati (related binaries)

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

I binari di GRASS sono disponibili da apt/synaptic. Da un terminale battere:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

o in alternativa, ricercare e installare questi pacchetti da Synaptic. Questo è il modo più facile per avere GRASS sul proprio sistema. Pur potendo scegliere di installare i binari da un'altra fonte, è meglio installare questa versione in questo modo, poiché tutte (la maggior parte) le dipendenze vengono installate nel modo più indolore possibile.



Per ottenere l'ultima versione di GRASS su Ubuntu, compilare il codice dai sorgenti. Si veda la sezione [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] per uno script di shell che lo rende più facile.

=== Slackware ===

I pacchetti di Slackware 12 per le distribuzioni binarie di GRASS e librerie aggiuntive sono disponibili in [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) e [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions qui] (SVN version).


== Mac OS X ==

Pacchetti precompilati di GRASS 6 e GRASS 7 per Mac OS X si possono trovare [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ qui]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it

2013-05-18T07:55:58Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Codici della lingua */

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

Si desidera tradurre pagine di questo Wiki? Ottimo, continuate a leggere! Questa pagina descrive il funzionamento multilinguale del GRASS-Wiki. Tutte le pagine vengono auto-indicizzati dopo pochi minuti e il link della lingua appare nel menu a sinistra.

== Titolo della pagina ==

La versione in inglese della pagina principale si trova in [[GRASS-Wiki]]. Le versioni tradotte vengono collocate in GRASS-Wiki/codice dove 'codice' è il codice della lingua (per esempio [[GRASS-Wiki/it]] per lingua italiana). È importante seguire le regole dei codici di lingua, al fine di consentire a Mediawiki di creare l'autoindicizzazione della traduzione (per i codici di lingua, [[#Language codes|vedi sotto]]).

Quando si comincia a tradurre una pagina in una nuova lingua, il suo nome deve seguire questa convenzione:

Nome originale/codice

per esempio, una pagina con la traduzione italiana di [[GRASS Community]] sarebbe "GRASS Community/it", in indonesiano sarebbe "GRASS Community/id" et cetera.

== Categoria Languages/codice ==

Le pagine tradotte sono raggrupate per categoria "Languages/codice"; si veda p.es. l'elenco delle pagine tradotte in [[:Category:Languages/it|italiano]].

La regola è: le pagine non in inglese devono contenere in fondo alla pagina

<nowiki>[[Category:Languages/code]]</nowiki>

cioé per l'italiano [[:Category:Languages/it]], per il ceco [[:Category:Languages/cs]], etc.

== Modello (template) "Trans" ==

Per le pagine in corso di traduzione c'è il modello (template) [[Template:Trans|Trans].
Aggiungerlo se la traduzione non è completata, in modo da poterla ritrovare facilmente.

<nowiki>{{Trans|Russian|English}}</nowiki>

Questo modello va rimosso una volta completata la traduzione.

== Codici della lingua ==

In tutto il GRASS-Wiki, quando si creano contenuti in una determinata lingua si dovrebbero usare i codici della lingua specificati dal programma MediaWiki (si veda [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/languages/Names.php Names.php] per la lista completa e aggiornata).

Si tenga presente inoltre quanto segue '''(ma non dovrebbe interessare la maggiornaza delle lingue!)''':

* Se il codice della lingua non si trova in Names.php, questo sito potrebbe non accettare pagine di aiuto scritte in quella lingua (poiché il meccanismo di indicizzazione fallirebbe).

* Per aggiungere una lingua non presente in Mediawiki, bisogna prima farla aggiungere al software (facendone richiesta a [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla]) e aggiugere pagine qui solo dopo che i cambiamenti sono stati accettati e il wiki di GRASS è stato aggiornato di conseguenza.

* Se MediaWiki usa il codice 'non corretto' per una lingua, si dovrebbe usare lo stesso codice anche qui (per coerenza). Se si ritiene che un codice non sia corretto se ne dovrebbe discutere su [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla], e se questo comporta il cambiamento del codice le pagine verranno spostate in modo che corrispondano.
* Da notare che alcuni codici della lingua in Names.php ora sono deprecati (e.g. <tt>zh-yue</tt> è stato sostituito con <tt>yue</tt>). In questi casi dovrebbe essere usato solo il codice più recente.

== Detailed procedure ==

If you want to translate a Wiki page, then:
# Generate a new page with language suffix, e.g. /it. For example, to generate the page <nowiki>http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it</nowiki>, just enter this URL in your browser. The page won't exist yet and you can open it for editing. See also [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Starting a new page].
# Copy the Wiki-Code of the (english) original page into the new page (use "editing" in the original page to see it). In this example, copy the Wiki code from http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D into http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it
# Add the language category at page bottom, e.g. <nowiki>[[Category:Languages/it]]</nowiki>, then start translating. If you don't manage to finish the translation, add the "work in progress" template at page top (<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>). This <nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki> will generate an entry <blockquote> This page is in progress of translating to Italiano from English</blockquote> in the page to notify the potential readers.
# If this procedure is yet unclear, please leave a comment in the discussion page.

'''Enjoy and happy translating :)'''

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it

2013-05-17T22:57:44Z

⚠️Marcocurreli:

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

Si desidera tradurre pagine di questo Wiki? Ottimo, continuate a leggere! Questa pagina descrive il funzionamento multilinguale del GRASS-Wiki. Tutte le pagine vengono auto-indicizzati dopo pochi minuti e il link della lingua appare nel menu a sinistra.

== Titolo della pagina ==

La versione in inglese della pagina principale si trova in [[GRASS-Wiki]]. Le versioni tradotte vengono collocate in GRASS-Wiki/codice dove 'codice' è il codice della lingua (per esempio [[GRASS-Wiki/it]] per lingua italiana). È importante seguire le regole dei codici di lingua, al fine di consentire a Mediawiki di creare l'autoindicizzazione della traduzione (per i codici di lingua, [[#Language codes|vedi sotto]]).

Quando si comincia a tradurre una pagina in una nuova lingua, il suo nome deve seguire questa convenzione:

Nome originale/codice

per esempio, una pagina con la traduzione italiana di [[GRASS Community]] sarebbe "GRASS Community/it", in indonesiano sarebbe "GRASS Community/id" et cetera.

== Categoria Languages/codice ==

Le pagine tradotte sono raggrupate per categoria "Languages/codice"; si veda p.es. l'elenco delle pagine tradotte in [[:Category:Languages/it|italiano]].

La regola è: le pagine non in inglese devono contenere in fondo alla pagina

<nowiki>[[Category:Languages/code]]</nowiki>

cioé per l'italiano [[:Category:Languages/it]], per il ceco [[:Category:Languages/cs]], etc.

== Modello (template) "Trans" ==

Per le pagine in corso di traduzione c'è il modello (template) [[Template:Trans|Trans].
Aggiungerlo se la traduzione non è completata, in modo da poterla ritrovare facilmente.

<nowiki>{{Trans|Russian|English}}</nowiki>

Questo modello va rimosso una volta completata la traduzione.

== Codici della lingua ==

In tutto il GRASS-Wiki, quando si creano contenuti in una determinata lingua si dovrebbero usare i codici della lingua specificati dal programma MediaWiki (si veda [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/trunk/phase3/languages/Names.php Names.php] per la lista completa e aggiornata).

Si tenga presente inoltre quanto segue '''(ma non dovrebbe interessare la maggiornaza delle lingue!)''':

* Se il codice della lingua non si trova in Names.php, questo sito non dovrebbe ospitare pagine di aiuto scritte in quella lingua (since the indexing mechanism would fail)

* If you want to add a language that is not present in Mediawiki, first get it added to the software (by making a request at [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla]) and only add pages here once the changes have been accepted and the GRASS Wiki been updated accordingly.

* If MediaWiki uses the 'incorrect' code for a language then you should also (for consistency) use that incorrect code here. If you think a code is incorrect you should discuss it on [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bugzilla Bugzilla], and if this results in it being changed we will move the pages to match.

* Note that some language codes in Names.php are now deprecated (e.g. <tt>zh-yue</tt> has been replaced with <tt>yue</tt>). In these cases only the most recent code should be used.

== Detailed procedure ==

If you want to translate a Wiki page, then:
# Generate a new page with language suffix, e.g. /it. For example, to generate the page <nowiki>http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it</nowiki>, just enter this URL in your browser. The page won't exist yet and you can open it for editing. See also [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page Starting a new page].
# Copy the Wiki-Code of the (english) original page into the new page (use "editing" in the original page to see it). In this example, copy the Wiki code from http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D into http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Help_with_3D/it
# Add the language category at page bottom, e.g. <nowiki>[[Category:Languages/it]]</nowiki>, then start translating. If you don't manage to finish the translation, add the "work in progress" template at page top (<nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki>). This <nowiki>{{Trans|Italiano|English}}</nowiki> will generate an entry <blockquote> This page is in progress of translating to Italiano from English</blockquote> in the page to notify the potential readers.
# If this procedure is yet unclear, please leave a comment in the discussion page.

'''Enjoy and happy translating :)'''

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-14T22:07:45Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: Aligned to original and translated

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e programmi aggiuntivi forniti dagli utenti. Per modificare le pagine del wiki bisogna essere registrati ed eseguire l'accesso (si veda il collegamento in alto a destra).

Per una rapida sintesi di GRASS si veda [[core features|caratteristiche principali]]. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultare la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''Cosa c'è di nuovo:'''
* Ora: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* A luglio: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* A breve: [http://grass.osgeo.org/news/22/15/GRASS-GIS-6-4-3RC3-source-code-and-selected-binaries-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' è quasi pronto!] {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download scaricate la release candidate], [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 help spot bugs]
* Di recente: [http://grass.osgeo.org Sito di GRASS GIS completamente rinnovato!]
* Prova il [[Quick wxGUI tutorial|breve tutorial di wxGUI]]
* Supporto per i dati temporali e altre nuove [[Initiatives|Iniziative]]
* [[Raspberry_Pi|GRASS sul Raspberry Pi]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Comunità ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px|link=http://www.osgeo.org]]
<center>[http://www.osgeo.org OSGeo] Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Rilasciato con licenza GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns|Moduli aggiuntivi di GRASS]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Sviluppo ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#widget:Ohloh Project|id=3666|type=partner_badge}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-14T18:54:24Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: begin to update from english

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right|link=http://grass.osgeo.org]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

{{website|documentation/general-overview|'''GRASS GIS'''}} è un [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system Sistema informativo geografico] utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione.

Su questo Wiki, si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e estensioni .

Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultate la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots Galleria di GRASS GIS] e [[Applications|Applicazioni]].
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#FFE5E5;">
'''What's hot:'''
* Now: [[GRASS SoC Ideas 2013|Google Summer of Code 2013]]
* Coming in July: [[GRASS Community Sprint Prague 2013]]
* Soon: [http://grass.osgeo.org/news/22/15/GRASS-GIS-6-4-3RC3-source-code-and-selected-binaries-released/ '''GRASS 6.4.3''' is almost ready!] {{bullet}} [http://grass.osgeo.org/download download the release candidate], [https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/report/16 help spot bugs]
* Recently: [http://grass.osgeo.org GRASS GIS Website completely renovated!]
* Try the [[Quick wxGUI tutorial]]
* Temporal support and other new [[Initiatives]]
* [[Raspberry_Pi|GRASS on the Raspberry Pi]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Community ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px]]
<center>OSGeo Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]<center>[http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php Donate via PayPal.com]</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Licensed under GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Development ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#ohloh: account=3666}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

User talk:Ghlimassuh

2013-05-14T10:07:23Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: don't modify the english pages

If you want translate the wiki to your language, don't modify the english page.
You must create a new page, e.g. Installation Guide/lang
[[User:Marcocurreli|Marcocurreli]] ([[User talk:Marcocurreli|talk]]) 03:07, 14 May 2013 (PDT)

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-13T16:57:08Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Download */

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

Il [http://grass.osgeo.org Geographic Resources Analysis Support System], noto come '''GRASS''', è un sistema informativo geografico ([http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_informativo_geografico GIS]) utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione. GRASS è attualmente utilizzato nel mondo accademico e in aziende di tutto il mondo, e nella pubblica amministrazione. GRASS GIS è un progetto che fa parte della [http://www.osgeo.org Open Source Geospatial Foundation]. Questo Wiki si propone come piattaforma per la comunità di utenti di GRASS GIS. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultate la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS].

Su questo Wiki, si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e estensioni.
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Community ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px]]
<center>OSGeo Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]<center>[http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php Donate via PayPal.com]</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Licensed under GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Codice sorgente e binari]
* [[GRASS AddOns]]
* [[Promotional material|Materiale promozionale]]
* [[Sample datasets|Dataset di esempio]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Development ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#ohloh: account=3666}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-13T16:54:25Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Community */

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

Il [http://grass.osgeo.org Geographic Resources Analysis Support System], noto come '''GRASS''', è un sistema informativo geografico ([http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_informativo_geografico GIS]) utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione. GRASS è attualmente utilizzato nel mondo accademico e in aziende di tutto il mondo, e nella pubblica amministrazione. GRASS GIS è un progetto che fa parte della [http://www.osgeo.org Open Source Geospatial Foundation]. Questo Wiki si propone come piattaforma per la comunità di utenti di GRASS GIS. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultate la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS].

Su questo Wiki, si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e estensioni.
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Community ====
* [[GRASS Community|Comunità di GRASS]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications|Applicazioni]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px]]
<center>OSGeo Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]<center>[http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php Donate via PayPal.com]</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Repository del codice sorgente
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] e [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Segnalazione di errori]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Licensed under GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Source code and binaries]
* [[GRASS AddOns]]
* [[Promotional material]]
* [[Sample datasets]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Development ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#ohloh: account=3666}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-13T16:43:47Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti */ guida d'installazione

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

Il [http://grass.osgeo.org Geographic Resources Analysis Support System], noto come '''GRASS''', è un sistema informativo geografico ([http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_informativo_geografico GIS]) utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione. GRASS è attualmente utilizzato nel mondo accademico e in aziende di tutto il mondo, e nella pubblica amministrazione. GRASS GIS è un progetto che fa parte della [http://www.osgeo.org Open Source Geospatial Foundation]. Questo Wiki si propone come piattaforma per la comunità di utenti di GRASS GIS. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultate la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS].

Su questo Wiki, si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e estensioni.
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide|Guida d'installazione]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Community ====
* [[GRASS Community]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px]]
<center>OSGeo Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]<center>[http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php Donate via PayPal.com]</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php GRASS GIS Gallery]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Source Code Repository
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] and [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Report errors]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Licensed under GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Source code and binaries]
* [[GRASS AddOns]]
* [[Promotional material]]
* [[Sample datasets]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Development ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#ohloh: account=3666}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide

2013-05-13T16:32:30Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Mac OS X */ added http:// to the link

== General ==
:''For compilation of GRASS GIS source code, see [[Compile and Install]]''
This page explains the installation of GRASS binaries.

GRASS GIS requires a workstation running either some flavor of UNIX conforming to POSIX standards like Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX, or BSD or MS-Windows. It is also possible to run GRASS in MS Windows by using UNIX translation software such as [[Cygwin]] or natively with MingGW. Ideally, you should have at least 500 Mb for data and 512 Mb RAM. The source code package needs around 270 MB uncompressed. The resulting binaries may need between 20 MB and 180 MB depending on your platform. During a full compilation you may need temporarily up to 150MB including the source code.

The [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Software Download Section] of the main GRASS web site contains the latest binaries and source code for all supported platforms. That site also has general directions for installing GRASS manually. However, installation is slightly different on each operating system. Here you can find user-contributed pointers for installing GRASS on specific platforms. In particular, many operating systems have package management utilities that can greatly simplify GRASS installation.

== MS-Windows ==

* Native winGRASS packages with '''Installer''' are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ here] (no Cygwin needed). See also [[WinGRASS Current Status]].

* winGRASS/Cygwin packages are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ here] (requires [[Cygwin]] UNIX emulator, see there).

* QGIS including native winGRASS packages are provided [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download here] (no Cygwin needed).

* Install using [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ OSGeo4W installer] (GRASS needs to be selected from the "Advanced" section)

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

A binary version of GRASS is available from the apt repository. As root type:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

This is the easiest way to install GRASS on Debian. If you choose to install a binary version manually from the main web site, be sure to follow the instructions for making symlinks found as a note to the [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ 6.4 weekly snapshot]] release.

==== DebianGis ====

There is also the wonderful [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] project which has a more recent GRASS version with its related packages. Read here for more [[GRASS in Debian |details]]

==== Compiling GRASS from source ====

* See [[Compile and Install]] of Source Code

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-13T16:29:11Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: Finished

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== Istruzioni generali ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* I pacchetti nativi di winGRASS con l' '''Installatore''' si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ qui] (non è necessario Cygwin). Si veda anche [[WinGRASS Current Status|Stato corrente di WinGRASS]].

* I pacchetti di winGRASS/Cygwin si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ qui] (richiede l'emulatore UNIX [[Cygwin]], si veda la pagina relativa).

* QGIS coi pacchetti nativi di winGRASS si trova [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download qui] (non è necessario Cygwin).

* Installare usando [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ l'installatore OSGeo4W] (GRASS dev'essere selezionato dalla sezione "Advanced")

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

Una versione binaria di GRASS è disponibile nel repository apt. Come utente root battere:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

Questo è il modo più facile per installare GRASS su Debian. Se si sceglie di installare manualmente una versione binaria dal sito principale, assicurarsi di seguire le istruzioni per creare collegamenti simbolici nella nota al [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ rilascio settimanale della vers. 6.4]].

==== DebianGis ====

C'è anche il bellissimo progetto [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] che ha una versione di GRASS più recente coi pacchetti correlati. Leggere qui per maggiori [[GRASS in Debian |dettagli]].

==== Compilare GRASS dai sorgenti ====

* Si veda [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] dal codice sorgente.

=== Installazione su Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] fornisce pacchetti RPM per le versioni stabili preparate per l'installazione sui sistemi Fedora:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] fornisce gli RPM per PROJ/GDAL/GRASS. Versioni più recenti si trovano sella sezione "backports":

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] fornisce i pacchetti RPM per GRASS e per i programmi correlati.

'''GRASS 6:''' Per installare GRASS 6 su openSUSE:

Dal terminale:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' Per installare l'ultimo rilascio SVN di GRASS 7:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS e Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offre GRASS e i binari correlati (related binaries)

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

I binari di GRASS sono disponibili da apt/synaptic. Da un terminale battere:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

o in alternativa, ricercare e installare questi pacchetti da Synaptic. Questo è il modo più facile per avere GRASS sul proprio sistema. Pur potendo scegliere di installare i binari da un'altra fonte, è meglio installare questa versione in questo modo, poiché tutte (la maggior parte) le dipendenze vengono installate nel modo più indolore possibile.



Per ottenere l'ultima versione di GRASS su Ubuntu, compilare il codice dai sorgenti. Si veda la sezione [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] per uno script di shell che lo rende più facile.

=== Slackware ===

I pacchetti di Slackware 12 per le distribuzioni binarie di GRASS e librerie aggiuntive sono disponibili in [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) e [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions qui] (SVN version).


== Mac OS X ==

Pacchetti precompilati di GRASS 6 e GRASS 7 per Mac OS X si possono trovare [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ qui]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-13T16:18:59Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* GNU/Linux */ end translation (to check for errors)

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* I pacchetti nativi di winGRASS con l' '''Installatore''' si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ qui] (non è necessario Cygwin). Si veda anche [[WinGRASS Current Status|Stato corrente di WinGRASS]].

* I pacchetti di winGRASS/Cygwin si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ qui] (richiede l'emulatore UNIX [[Cygwin]], si veda la pagina relativa).

* QGIS coi pacchetti nativi di winGRASS si trova [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download qui] (non è necessario Cygwin).

* Installare usando [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ l'installatore OSGeo4W] (GRASS dev'essere selezionato dalla sezione "Advanced")

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

Una versione binaria di GRASS è disponibile nel repository apt. Come utente root battere:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

Questo è il modo più facile per installare GRASS su Debian. Se si sceglie di installare manualmente una versione binaria dal sito principale, assicurarsi di seguire le istruzioni per creare collegamenti simbolici nella nota al [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ rilascio settimanale della vers. 6.4]].

==== DebianGis ====

C'è anche il bellissimo progetto [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] che ha una versione di GRASS più recente coi pacchetti correlati. Leggere qui per maggiori [[GRASS in Debian |dettagli]].

==== Compilare GRASS dai sorgenti ====

* Si veda [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] dal codice sorgente.

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] fornisce pacchetti RPM per le versioni stabili preparate per l'installazione sui sistemi Fedora:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] fornisce gli RPM per PROJ/GDAL/GRASS. Versioni più recenti si trovano sella sezione "backports":

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] fornisce i pacchetti RPM per GRASS e per i programmi correlati.

'''GRASS 6:''' Per installare GRASS 6 su openSUSE:

Dal terminale:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' Per installare l'ultimo rilascio SVN di GRASS 7:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

In alternativa si può usare il '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS e Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offre GRASS e i binari correlati (related binaries)

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

I binari di GRASS sono disponibili da apt/synaptic. Da un terminale battere:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

o in alternativa, ricercare e installare questi pacchetti da Synaptic. Questo è il modo più facile per avere GRASS sul proprio sistema. Pur potendo scegliere di installare i binari da un'altra fonte, è meglio installare questa versione in questo modo, poiché tutte (la maggior parte) le dipendenze vengono installate nel modo più indolore possibile.



Per ottenere l'ultima versione di GRASS su Ubuntu, compilare il codice dai sorgenti. Si veda la sezione [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] per uno script di shell che lo rende più facile.

=== Slackware ===

I pacchetti di Slackware 12 per le distribuzioni binarie di GRASS e librerie aggiuntive sono disponibili in [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) e [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions qui] (SVN version).


== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS messages translation

2013-05-13T15:36:56Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: downgraded to version 18 March 2013 - wasn't english

== Help page translations ==

* For translations of full help (man) pages see [[Updating GRASS Documentation#Translations]]

== GRASS messages translation project ==

Many users prefer to use software in their mother tongue which is mostly not English. This requires that all GRASS software messages have to be translated to languages other than English. The GRASS Development Team is seeking translators. Please subscribe to the dedicated mailing list at

GRASS translations mailing list
http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations

Translation related issues may be discussed there. This is an opportunity for non-programmers to contribute as messages can be easily translated. No programming skills required!

* Join the [[GRASS_Translation_Team#Members_of_Translation_Team|team]]

=== Wanted languages ===

Simple Chinese, Swahili, Hindi, Greek, Tamil, Russian, Telugu, Português, ... Please join us!

== How to change the language ==

* see [[GRASS_messages_translation#Testing_different_languages|Testing different languages]] below.

== How to create new translations ==

* For terminology, please refer to the [[GRASS Translation Glossary]].

=== Files to be edited (downloaded) ===
In GRASS GIS 6, we have 5 types of .po files per language (see in the source code the directory locale/po/ or see [http://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/locale/po/ here for direct download]):

* <tt>grasslibs_LANG.po</tt>: messages from libraries
* <tt>grassmods_LANG.po</tt>: messages from commands ("modules")
* <tt>grassnviz_LANG.po</tt>: messages from NVIZ Tcl/Tk graphical user interface (GRASS 6)
* <tt>grasstcl_LANG.po</tt>: messages from Tcl/Tk graphical user interface (GRASS 6)
* <tt>grasswxpy_LANG.po</tt>: messages from wxgrass/wxPython graphical user interface

where "LANG" in the above file names is a two character code which indicates the language. It is based on the Alpha-2 code of [http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php ISO 639-1] (right column). Example: <tt>grasswxpy_pl.po</tt> for Polish.

=== Continuing an existing translation ===

The file(s) are there but partially outdated? Read on.

First '''announce''' on the [http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations GRASS translations mailing list] that you plan to continue the translation of a certain language. Why? Because sometimes people silently translate already and we need these efforts to be coordinated to avoid doing it twice...

Then get these four .po files for your language and start. If a file is missing, just ask on the list to get it generated or see next section. To get these .po files (the files are in the directory locale/po/):

* either [http://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/locale/po/ download current .po files] directly from SVN (click on file name to download),
* or [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/DownloadSource#GRASS6.4 download source code package] from SVN,
* or download the recent [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/source/snapshot/ source code snapshot],
* or ask on the [http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations GRASS translations mailing list] for these files.

Then edit the files with a .po file editor (poEDIT or kbabel or..., see below). Take care to maintain layout and special characters. And '''submit often''' - if you wait for weeks, the messages may already be outdated and your time wasted. Just keep in touch on the [http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations GRASS translations mailing list]!

=== Starting a new translation ===

The language you want isn't yet there? Read on.

Briefly, the steps to create new messages files are (if you find this too complicated, ask on the [http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations GRASS translations mailing list] to get these files done for you!):

# Get the latest source code development version from either the SVN repository or as SVN snapshot (see [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/index.php Download]).
# run: './configure --with-nls [... other parameters]' to configure the GRASS source code
# run: 'cd locale' to change into the translation directory
# run: 'make pot' to create grass*.pot template files (to extract original messages)
# run: copy these file from templates/ into po/; rename them to contain the two characters language code (see Alpha-2 code of [http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php ISO 639-1]) and to .po extension; update the file headers either manually or with your .po editing software
(Example: Polish language):
mv ./templates/grasslibs.pot ./po/grasslibs_pl.po
mv ./templates/grassmods.pot ./po/grassmods_pl.po
mv ./templates/grassnviz.pot ./po/grassnviz_pl.po
mv ./templates/grasstcl.pot ./po/grasstcl_pl.po
mv ./templates/grasswxpy.pot ./po/grasswxpy_pl.po

Now translate the messages in these po/*.po files (using poEDIT or other editor, see below)

From time to time messages need to be updated from the originals. This is usually done by the GRASS translation manager.

== Software to translate: .po file editors ==

* [http://userbase.kde.org/Lokalize Lokalize]: (previously KBabel) is a set of tools for editing and managing gettext PO files, cross-platform, comes with KDE SC (works also under MS-Windows)
* [http://www.poedit.net/download.php poEdit]: poEdit is gettext catalogs (.po files) editor (works also under MS-Windows)
* [http://translate.sourceforge.net/wiki/virtaal/index Virtaal] Virtaal is cross-platform graphical translation tool with terminology help from [http://open-tran.eu Open-Tran.eu]
* [https://www.transifex.net/projects/p/grass6/ Web based solution Transifex] (''help needed to revive'')
* [http://www.omegat.org/ Java based solution OmegaT]

'''How to use Transifex to translate messages online in a browser:'''
* (''currently offline due to 2011 transifex website transition. please contact the translations mailing list (or Markus N) if you'd like to help with that'')

[[Image:Transifex register signin.png|center|450px|Register and sign in]]

[[Image:Transifex edit online.png|center|450px|Click to edit online]]

== Testing different languages ==

Testing different languages requires that the respective language environment and, if needed, fonts are installed.
Check what languages are currently installed on your system with:
locale -a

To change to a certain language environment (locale), do the following steps (here, example for Unix style environment):

1. Define/check language settings:
echo $LANG
echo $LANGUAGE
echo $LC_MESSAGES

2. Change it (example for to Japanese):
a) bash shell:
export LANG=ja_JP.UTF-8
export LANGUAGE=ja_JP.UTF-8
export LC_MESSAGES=ja_JP.UTF-8

b) (t)csh shell:
setenv LANG ja_JP.UTF-8
setenv LANGUAGE ja_JP.UTF-8
setenv LC_MESSAGES ja_JP.UTF-8

Now launch GRASS in this terminal. If you launch it from an icon, you have to change the LOCALE in the computer setup program instead.

Other common languages useful for testing are <tt>de_DE</tt> for German, <tt>fr_FR</tt> for French, or "C" for none (effectively <tt>en_US</tt>, which for GRASS is the base language).

=== Creating startup scripts for different languages ===

GRASS in English language, save as "grass64eng" (executable flag set, store in path):
#!/bin/sh
export LANG=en_US
export LANGUAGE=en_US
export LC_MESSAGES=en_US
exec grass64 "$@"

GRASS in Japanese language, save as "grass64ja" (executable flag set, store in path):
#!/bin/sh
export LANG=ja_JA.UTF-8
export LANGUAGE=ja_JA.UTF-8
export LC_MESSAGES=ja_JA.UTF-8
grass64 "$@"

== Coordination among translators ==

If several translators work on the same language files, obviously some coordination is needed. Please announce work via the "translations" mailing list at http://lists.osgeo.org/mailman/listinfo/grass-translations

Also the translation manager is listening there to the upload the changed files into the GRASS source code repository.

== Best practices ==

* Italiano: [http://tp.linux.it/buona_traduzione.html Regole per la buona traduzione]

== Installation of language packages ==

Example: Chinese

* Mandriva: urpmi locales-zh kde-l10n-zh_CN fonts-ttf-default-zh_CN

== See also ==

* Alpha-2 code of [http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php ISO 639-1] (right column)

[[Category: Development]]
[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category: FAQ]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-12T16:00:44Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Debian */ end translation

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* I pacchetti nativi di winGRASS con l' '''Installatore''' si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ qui] (non è necessario Cygwin). Si veda anche [[WinGRASS Current Status|Stato corrente di WinGRASS]].

* I pacchetti di winGRASS/Cygwin si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ qui] (richiede l'emulatore UNIX [[Cygwin]], si veda la pagina relativa).

* QGIS coi pacchetti nativi di winGRASS si trova [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download qui] (non è necessario Cygwin).

* Installare usando [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ l'installatore OSGeo4W] (GRASS dev'essere selezionato dalla sezione "Advanced")

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

Una versione binaria di GRASS è disponibile nel repository apt. Come utente root battere:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

Questo è il modo più facile per installare GRASS su Debian. Se si sceglie di installare manualmente una versione binaria dal sito principale, assicurarsi di seguire le istruzioni per creare collegamenti simbolici nella nota al [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ rilascio settimanale della vers. 6.4]].

==== DebianGis ====

C'è anche il bellissimo progetto [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] che ha una versione di GRASS più recente coi suoi relativi pacchetti. Leggere qui per maggiori [[GRASS in Debian |dettagli]].

==== Compilare GRASS dai sorgenti ====

* Si veda [[Compile and Install|Compilare e installare]] dal codice sorgente.

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-12T11:59:19Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* MS-Windows */ translated

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* I pacchetti nativi di winGRASS con l' '''Installatore''' si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ qui] (non è necessario Cygwin). Si veda anche [[WinGRASS Current Status|Stato corrente di WinGRASS]].

* I pacchetti di winGRASS/Cygwin si trovano [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ qui] (richiede l'emulatore UNIX [[Cygwin]], si veda la pagina relativa).

* QGIS coi pacchetti nativi di winGRASS si trova [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download qui] (non è necessario Cygwin).

* Installare usando [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ l'installatore OSGeo4W] (GRASS dev'essere selezionato dalla sezione "Advanced")

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

A binary version of GRASS is available from the apt repository. As root type:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

This is the easiest way to install GRASS on Debian. If you choose to install a binary version manually from the main web site, be sure to follow the instructions for making symlinks found as a note to the [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ 6.4 weekly snapshot]] release.

==== DebianGis ====

There is also the wonderful [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] project which has a more recent GRASS version with its related packages. Read here for more [[GRASS in Debian |details]]

==== Compiling GRASS from source ====

* See [[Compile and Install]] of Source Code

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-12T11:20:11Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* General */ original is kept as hidden text, for now

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.


== MS-Windows ==

* Native winGRASS packages with '''Installer''' are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ here] (no Cygwin needed). See also [[WinGRASS Current Status]].

* winGRASS/Cygwin packages are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ here] (requires [[Cygwin]] UNIX emulator, see there).

* QGIS including native winGRASS packages are provided [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download here] (no Cygwin needed).

* Install using [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ OSGeo4W installer] (GRASS needs to be selected from the "Advanced" section)

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

A binary version of GRASS is available from the apt repository. As root type:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

This is the easiest way to install GRASS on Debian. If you choose to install a binary version manually from the main web site, be sure to follow the instructions for making symlinks found as a note to the [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ 6.4 weekly snapshot]] release.

==== DebianGis ====

There is also the wonderful [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] project which has a more recent GRASS version with its related packages. Read here for more [[GRASS in Debian |details]]

==== Compiling GRASS from source ====

* See [[Compile and Install]] of Source Code

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-12T11:06:14Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* General */ begin translation

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''Per la compilazione del codice sorgente di GRASS GIS vedere [[Compile and Install]]''
Questa pagina spiega l'installazione dei binari di GRASS.

GRASS GIS richiede una stazione di lavoro con un sistema che esegue alcune funzioni di UNIX conformi agli standard POSIX come Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX o BSD, oppure MS-Windows. È inoltre possibile eseguire GRASS in MS Windows utilizzando un programma di traduzione da UNIX come [[Cygwin]] o in modo nativo con MingGW. Teoricamente, si dovrebbero avere almeno 500 Mb per i dati e 512 Mb di RAM. Il pacchetto del codice sorgente richiede circa 270 MB una volta scompattato. I binari risultanti possono aver bisogno da 20 MB a 180 MB a seconda dellal piattaforma. Nel corso dell'intera compilazione possono servire temporaneamente oltre 150 MB incluso il codice sorgente.

La [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ sezione Download] della pagina principale del sito di GRASS contiene gli ultimi binari e il codice sorgente per tutte le piattaforme supportate. Il sito contiene inoltre indirizzi generali per l'installazione manuale di GRASS. Tuttavia, l'installazione è leggermente diversa su ogni sistema operativo. Qui si possono trovare indicazioni fornite dagli utenti per l'installazione di GRASS su piattaforme specifiche. In particolare, molti sistemi operativi hanno programmi di utilità per la gestione dei pacchetti che possono semplificare notevolmente l'installazione di GRASS.

GRASS GIS requires a workstation running either some flavor of UNIX conforming to POSIX standards like Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX, or BSD or MS-Windows. It is also possible to run GRASS in MS Windows by using UNIX translation software such as [[Cygwin]] or natively with MingGW. Ideally, you should have at least 500 Mb for data and 512 Mb RAM. The source code package needs around 270 MB uncompressed. The resulting binaries may need between 20 MB and 180 MB depending on your platform. During a full compilation you may need temporarily up to 150MB including the source code.

The [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Software Download Section] of the main GRASS web site contains the latest binaries and source code for all supported platforms. That site also has general directions for installing GRASS manually. However, installation is slightly different on each operating system. Here you can find user-contributed pointers for installing GRASS on specific platforms. In particular, many operating systems have package management utilities that can greatly simplify GRASS installation.

== MS-Windows ==

* Native winGRASS packages with '''Installer''' are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ here] (no Cygwin needed). See also [[WinGRASS Current Status]].

* winGRASS/Cygwin packages are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ here] (requires [[Cygwin]] UNIX emulator, see there).

* QGIS including native winGRASS packages are provided [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download here] (no Cygwin needed).

* Install using [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ OSGeo4W installer] (GRASS needs to be selected from the "Advanced" section)

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

A binary version of GRASS is available from the apt repository. As root type:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

This is the easiest way to install GRASS on Debian. If you choose to install a binary version manually from the main web site, be sure to follow the instructions for making symlinks found as a note to the [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ 6.4 weekly snapshot]] release.

==== DebianGis ====

There is also the wonderful [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] project which has a more recent GRASS version with its related packages. Read here for more [[GRASS in Debian |details]]

==== Compiling GRASS from source ====

* See [[Compile and Install]] of Source Code

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-12T09:08:32Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: end translation

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it|Guida di installazione]]

=== Risposte alle domande più frequenti ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology|Terminologia di GRASS 6]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html Avvio di GRASS: guida rapida] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html pagine di aiuto di GRASS] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|Una rapida introduzione alla wxGUI 6.4 e alle mappe raster]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (da completare; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en Altri tutorial] da GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corrente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non molto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Letturre successive ==

* [[Documents|Documentazione completa di GRASS]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Materiale didattico]] col concorso della comunità.<BR>(Tutorial, corsi, video di esercitazioni, etc.)

* Altra documentazione e tutorial su GRASS dal vecchio [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''pian piano il suo contenuto sta confluendo in questo Wiki'']

== Migrazione da altro software GIS ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|Cenni sulla migrazione a GRASS]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|Tabella e discussione sulla traduzione dei comandi dagli altri programmi di GIS a GRASS]]
* [[Tips for Arc users|Consigli per gli utenti Arc]]

== Interfacciamento con software esterno ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS come interfaccia grafica per GRASS]]

* Interfaccia per [[GRASS_and_Rstat|il programma di statistica R]]

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* Database esterni ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* Dati raster esterni ({{cmd|r.external}})
* Dati vettoriali esterni ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Visualizzazione 3D Paraview ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - vedi anche [[GRASS and Paraview|GRASS e Paraview]]
* Visualizzazione 3D [[POV-Ray|POVray]] ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape|Esportatare dati vettoriali di GRASS in Inkscape]]

== Aiuti vari ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (vedi anche: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks|Consigli e trucchi]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin|Compilare e installare GRASS e QGIS col plugin GDAL/OGR]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6|Come interpolare valori puntuali usando il metodo kriging con R e GRASS 6]]

--------
* [[Help|Aiuto]] per il Wiki (come modificare le pagine dopo la registrazione)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]

Installation Guide/it

2013-05-11T22:33:17Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: Created page with "{{Trans|Italiano|English}} == General == :''For compilation of GRASS GIS source code, see Compile and Install'' This page explains the installation of GRASS binaries. GR..."

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

== General ==
:''For compilation of GRASS GIS source code, see [[Compile and Install]]''
This page explains the installation of GRASS binaries.

GRASS GIS requires a workstation running either some flavor of UNIX conforming to POSIX standards like Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX, or BSD or MS-Windows. It is also possible to run GRASS in MS Windows by using UNIX translation software such as [[Cygwin]] or natively with MingGW. Ideally, you should have at least 500 Mb for data and 512 Mb RAM. The source code package needs around 270 MB uncompressed. The resulting binaries may need between 20 MB and 180 MB depending on your platform. During a full compilation you may need temporarily up to 150MB including the source code.

The [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Software Download Section] of the main GRASS web site contains the latest binaries and source code for all supported platforms. That site also has general directions for installing GRASS manually. However, installation is slightly different on each operating system. Here you can find user-contributed pointers for installing GRASS on specific platforms. In particular, many operating systems have package management utilities that can greatly simplify GRASS installation.

== MS-Windows ==

* Native winGRASS packages with '''Installer''' are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/native/ here] (no Cygwin needed). See also [[WinGRASS Current Status]].

* winGRASS/Cygwin packages are provided [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/mswindows/cygwin/ here] (requires [[Cygwin]] UNIX emulator, see there).

* QGIS including native winGRASS packages are provided [http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download here] (no Cygwin needed).

* Install using [http://trac.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/ OSGeo4W installer] (GRASS needs to be selected from the "Advanced" section)

== GNU/Linux ==

=== Debian ===

A binary version of GRASS is available from the apt repository. As root type:

apt-get install grass grass-doc

This is the easiest way to install GRASS on Debian. If you choose to install a binary version manually from the main web site, be sure to follow the instructions for making symlinks found as a note to the [[http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/binary/linux/snapshot/ 6.4 weekly snapshot]] release.

==== DebianGis ====

There is also the wonderful [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianGis DebianGIS] project which has a more recent GRASS version with its related packages. Read here for more [[GRASS in Debian |details]]

==== Compiling GRASS from source ====

* See [[Compile and Install]] of Source Code

=== Installation on Fedora ===

[https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/grass Fedoraproject] provides RPM-packages for stable releases prepared to install on Fedora systems:

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Mandriva ===

* [http://sophie.zarb.org/srpm/cooker,ia64/grass Mandriva] provides PROJ/GDAL/GRASS RPMs. Newer versions they are in the "backports" section:

urpmi grass

=== openSUSE ===

* [http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/ openSUSE] provides GRASS and related RPM-packages.

'''GRASS 6:''' To install GRASS 6 release on openSUSE:

From terminal:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/Application:/Geo/openSUSE_12.3/ GEO
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass

'''GRASS 7:''' To install the latest GRASS 7 SVN snapshot:

<source lang="bash">
sudo zypper refresh
sudo zypper install grass7
</source>

Alternatively, one can use the '''One-Click installer''':
http://software.opensuse.org/package/grass7

=== Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL, CentOS and Scientific Linux) ===

* [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Enterprise_Linux_GIS Enterprise Linux] offers GRASS and related binaries

<source lang="bash">
yum install grass
</source>

=== Ubuntu ===

GRASS Binaries are available from apt/synaptic. From a terminal type:

sudo apt-get install grass grass-doc

or alternatively, search for and install these packages from Synaptic. This is the easy way to get GRASS on your system. Even if you choose to install binaries from another source, you may want to install this version just so that all (most) dependencies are installed as painlessly as possible.

To get the latest version of GRASS on Ubuntu, compile the code from source. See the [[Compile and Install]] section for a shell script that makes this easy.

=== Slackware ===

Slackware 12 packages for GRASS binary distributions and additional libraries are available from [http://repository.slacky.eu/slackware-12.2/scientific/grass The Italian Slackware Community] (release version) and [http://geni.ath.cx/grass.html#_Slackware_12_binary_distributions here] (SVN version).

== Mac OS X ==

Precompiled GRASS 6 and GRASS 7 packages for Mac OS X can be found [grass.osgeo.org/download/software/mac-osx/ here]

[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

[[Category:Languages/it]]

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T22:22:35Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Singoli moduli */ typo

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corrente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non mmolto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Letturre successive ==

* [[Documents|Documentazione completa di GRASS]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Materiale didattico]] col concorso della comunità.<BR>(Tutorial, corsi, video di esercitazioni, etc.)

* Altra documentazione e tutorial su GRASS dal vecchio [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''pian piano il suo contenuto sta confluendo in questo Wiki'']

== Migrazione da altro software GIS ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|Cenni sulla migrazione a GRASS]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|Tabella e discussione sulla traduzione dei comandi dagli altri programmi di GIS a GRASS]]
* [[Tips for Arc users|Consigli per gli utenti Arc]]

== Interfacciamento con software esterno ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS come interfaccia grafica per GRASS]]

* Interfaccia per [[GRASS_and_Rstat|elaborazioni statistiche con R]]

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* Database esterni ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* Dati raster esterni ({{cmd|r.external}})
* Dati vettoriali esterni ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Visualizzazione 3D Paraview ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - vedi anche [[GRASS and Paraview|GRASS e Paraview]]
* Visualizzazione 3D [[POV-Ray|POVray]] ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape|Esportatare dati vettoriali di GRASS in Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T22:15:02Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Interfacing with external software */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non mmolto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Letturre successive ==

* [[Documents|Documentazione completa di GRASS]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Materiale didattico]] col concorso della comunità.<BR>(Tutorial, corsi, video di esercitazioni, etc.)

* Altra documentazione e tutorial su GRASS dal vecchio [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''pian piano il suo contenuto sta confluendo in questo Wiki'']

== Migrazione da altro software GIS ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|Cenni sulla migrazione a GRASS]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|Tabella e discussione sulla traduzione dei comandi dagli altri programmi di GIS a GRASS]]
* [[Tips for Arc users|Consigli per gli utenti Arc]]

== Interfacciamento con software esterno ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS come interfaccia grafica per GRASS]]

* Interfaccia per [[GRASS_and_Rstat|elaborazioni statistiche con R]]

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* Database esterni ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* Dati raster esterni ({{cmd|r.external}})
* Dati vettoriali esterni ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Visualizzazione 3D Paraview ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - vedi anche [[GRASS and Paraview|GRASS e Paraview]]
* Visualizzazione 3D [[POV-Ray|POVray]] ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape|Esportatare dati vettoriali di GRASS in Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T21:39:01Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Migration from other GIS Software */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non mmolto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Letturre successive ==

* [[Documents|Documentazione completa di GRASS]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Materiale didattico]] col concorso della comunità.<BR>(Tutorial, corsi, video di esercitazioni, etc.)

* Altra documentazione e tutorial su GRASS dal vecchio [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''pian piano il suo contenuto sta confluendo in questo Wiki'']

== Migrazione da altro software GIS ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|Cenni sulla migrazione a GRASS]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|Tabella e discussione sulla traduzione dei comandi dagli altri programmi di GIS a GRASS]]
* [[Tips for Arc users|Consigli per gli utenti Arc]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T21:12:09Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Further Reading */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non mmolto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Letturre successive ==

* [[Documents|Documentazione completa di GRASS]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Materiale didattico]] col concorso della comunità.<BR>(Tutorial, corsi, video di esercitazioni, etc.)

* Altra documentazione e tutorial su GRASS dal vecchio [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''pian piano il suo contenuto sta confluendo in questo Wiki'']

== Migration from other GIS Software ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|GRASS migration hints]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|GIS Software to GRASS command translation table and discussion]]
* [[Tips for Arc users]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T20:46:23Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Sample Datasets */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Dataset di esempio ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - una ricca collezione di dati preparati nel 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (non mmolto lontano da Mount Rushmore) con [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ ulteriori dati]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php Altri dati di esempio]

== Further Reading ==

* [[Documents|Full GRASS Documentation]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Teaching materials]] contributed by the community.<BR>(Tutorials, courseware, training videos, etc.)

* More GRASS documentation and tutorials from the old [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''content is slowly being merged into this Wiki'']

== Migration from other GIS Software ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|GRASS migration hints]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|GIS Software to GRASS command translation table and discussion]]
* [[Tips for Arc users]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T20:39:05Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Singoli moduli */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html Manuali di riferimento] dei singoli moduli di GRASS

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Sample Datasets ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - rich data set prepared in 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (not so far from Mount Rushmore) with [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ extra data]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php More sample data]

== Further Reading ==

* [[Documents|Full GRASS Documentation]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Teaching materials]] contributed by the community.<BR>(Tutorials, courseware, training videos, etc.)

* More GRASS documentation and tutorials from the old [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''content is slowly being merged into this Wiki'']

== Migration from other GIS Software ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|GRASS migration hints]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|GIS Software to GRASS command translation table and discussion]]
* [[Tips for Arc users]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T20:37:07Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Documentazione per il primo giorno */

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [[GRASS 6 Terminology]]

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto

* [[Importing data|Importare i dati]]: come portare i dati in GRASS

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [[Quick_wx_tutorial|A quick introduction to the 6.4 wxGUI and raster maps]]

* Materiale del corso [http://geostat-course.org/Topic_NetelerMetz_2011 Introduction to GRASS GIS], Geostat 2011, Landau, Germany, by M. Neteler and M. Metz

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (lavoro in corso; si cercano volontari)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, un breve tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Libro di testo ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Singoli moduli ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Sinossi dei moduli di GRASS] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Creare la lista corente con'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* I singoli moduli di GRAS [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html manuali di riferimento]

* Tutti i manuali di riferimento di GRASS (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Sample Datasets ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - rich data set prepared in 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (not so far from Mount Rushmore) with [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ extra data]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php More sample data]

== Further Reading ==

* [[Documents|Full GRASS Documentation]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Teaching materials]] contributed by the community.<BR>(Tutorials, courseware, training videos, etc.)

* More GRASS documentation and tutorials from the old [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''content is slowly being merged into this Wiki'']

== Migration from other GIS Software ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|GRASS migration hints]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|GIS Software to GRASS command translation table and discussion]]
* [[Tips for Arc users]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS Help/it

2013-05-11T18:54:19Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Frequently Asked Questions */ aligned to english page

== Primi Passi ==

''La maggior parte delle guide e degli esempi utilizzano i dati di prova della [[GRASS_Help#Sample_Dataset | Spearfish County, South Dakota]].'' Gli esempi più nuovi si basano inoltre sulla [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php Base dati didattici OSGeo ] (North Carolina, USA)

=== Installazione ===

* Viene presentata nella [[Installation Guide/it]]

=== Frequently Asked Questions ===

* [[Faq|FAQ]]
* Potete contattare molti utenti GRASS in [[How to participate in IRC communication|IRC]]
* [[How the Open Source software development model works|Come funziona il modello di sviluppo del software Open Source]]

=== Documentazione per il primo giorno ===

* [http://grass.bologna.enea.it/tutorial/ Five minute program launch tutorial] di Lorenzo Moretti
: Le prime pagine sono specifiche per Mac OSX, le rimanenti sono generali.

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/helptext.html GRASS Quickstart] pagina di aiuto
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html GRASS help pages] comprensive delle istruzioni di base

* [[Gis Concepts|Concetti GIS di base]] e loro implementazione in GRASS

==== Tutorial brevi ====

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToTestGrass6 Come collaudare GRASS6] - passaggi semplici da ripetere in GRASS 6.3 QGIS

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060209031109/http://wwwamb.bologna.enea.it/forgrass/documents/Grass-6-Visual-Tutorial.pdf Visual Tutorial for GRASS 6.0] by L. Moretti (per utenti non UNIX, con interfaccia grafica)

* [http://mpa.fbk.eu/markus/osg05/ GRASS 6 in a nutshell] by M. Neteler (2005, short tutorial, tradotto anche in spagnolo e francese)

* The [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]] (a work in progress; seeking for volunteers)

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/index.html An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0] by GDF Hannover

* [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/media.php?id=0&lg=en More tutorials] from GDF Hannover

==== Textbook ====

* [http://www.grassbook.org Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach. 3rd ed. 2008] by M. Neteler and H. Mitasova (Springer book; focus is on GRASS 6.3)

==== Individual modules ====

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/grassmanuals/grass64_module_list.pdf Synopsis of GRASS modules] (PDF, 58k)
: ''Create current list with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoc</tt>" or "<tt>cd tools; ./module_synopsis.sh</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

* Individual GRASS module [http://grass.osgeo.org/grass64/manuals/html64_user/index.html reference manuals]

* All GRASS module reference manuals (PDF Book)
: ''Create current set with'' "<tt>make html2pdfdoccomplete</tt>" ''in GRASS 6.3+''

=== Sample Datasets ===

* [http://www.grassbook.org/data_menu3rd.php North Carolina, USA (OSGeo Edu dataset)] - rich data set prepared in 2007/2008
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data6.php Spearfish County, SD, USA] (not so far from Mount Rushmore) with [http://mpa.itc.it/markus/osg05/ extra data]
** Mount Rushmore: [43°53' N, 103°28' W]

* [[Global datasets]]

* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php More sample data]

== Further Reading ==

* [[Documents|Full GRASS Documentation]]

* [[GRASS_Education_%28Free_GIS_education%29#Teaching_Materials | Teaching materials]] contributed by the community.<BR>(Tutorials, courseware, training videos, etc.)

* More GRASS documentation and tutorials from the old [http://grass.osgeo.org/gdp/index.php GRASS Documentation Project].<BR>[''content is slowly being merged into this Wiki'']

== Migration from other GIS Software ==

* [[GRASS_migration_hints|GRASS migration hints]]
* [[GIS to GRASS command translation|GIS Software to GRASS command translation table and discussion]]
* [[Tips for Arc users]]

== Interfacing with external software ==

* [[Tips_and_Tricks#Using_QGIS_as_a_frontend_to_GRASS| QGIS]] frontend

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|R statistics]] interface

* [[GRASS_and_GMT|GMT mapping]] cartography

* [[GRASS_and_MapServer| MapServer]] web server

* External databases ({{cmd|db.connect}})
* External raster data ({{cmd|r.external}})
* External vector data ({{cmd|v.external}})
* Paraview 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|r3.out.vtk}}, {{cmd|v.out.vtk}}) - see also [[GRASS and Paraview]]
* [[POV-Ray|POVray]] 3D visualization ({{cmd|r.out.pov}}, {{cmd|v.out.pov}})
* [[GRASS vector export to Inkscape]]

== Misc. Help ==

* [[:Category:FAQ|GRASS FAQ]] (see also: [[GRASS 6 Tutorial]])
* [[Tips and Tricks]]
* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]
* [[How to interpolate point value using kriging method with R and GRASS 6]]

--------
* Wiki [[Help]] (how to edit pages after registration)

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category:Languages/it]]
{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

GRASS-Wiki/it

2013-05-11T18:42:45Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti */ changed link to Grass Help/it

{{Trans|Italiano|English}}

__NOTOC__
{| width="100%"
|-
| width="68%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

<div style="padding:0.3em 1em 0.7em 1em;">

[[Image:grasslogo_vector_small.png|right]]

=== Benvenuti nel Wiki degli utenti di GRASS GIS ===

Il [http://grass.osgeo.org Geographic Resources Analysis Support System], noto come '''GRASS''', è un sistema informativo geografico ([http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_informativo_geografico GIS]) utilizzato per la gestione dei dati geospaziali e di analisi, elaborazione di immagini, grafica e produzione di mappe, modellazione spaziale, e visualizzazione. GRASS è attualmente utilizzato nel mondo accademico e in aziende di tutto il mondo, e nella pubblica amministrazione. GRASS GIS è un progetto che fa parte della [http://www.osgeo.org Open Source Geospatial Foundation]. Questo Wiki si propone come piattaforma per la comunità di utenti di GRASS GIS. Per vedere alcuni esempi, consultate la [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php Galleria di GRASS GIS].

Su questo Wiki, si possono ottenere e fornire informazioni relative a GRASS, documenti e estensioni.
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
==== Documentazione e supporto per gli utenti ====
* [[GRASS Help/it|GRASS Help e iniziare a lavorare con GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Documents|Documentazione approfondita di GRASS]]
* [[Installation Guide]] per l'installer di GRASS
* [[Faq|FAQ]]: domande frequenti
* [[wxGUI]] - Interfaccia grafica scritta in wxPython
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; margin-right:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Community ====
* [[GRASS Community]]: contattare la comunità
* [[Applications]]: impieghi di GRASS nei vari settori
* [[GRASS migration hints|Migrare a GRASS]]
* [[GRASS Blogger]]
* Coinvolgiti nel progetto: [[Project jobs]]
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/Special:Recentchanges?feed=rss RSS feed] dei cambiamenti recenti a questo Wiki
</div>

<div>Consulta la mappa mondiale degli utenti di GRASS GIS [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/ GRASS GIS User Online]. Se usi GRASS GIS, per cortesia inserisci qui i tuoi dati.
</div>

<div><p>''[[GRASS-Wiki:Language policy/it|Traduci questo Wiki]]''</p></div>


| width="38%" style="vertical-align:top" |
<div style="margin:0; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:OSGeo 220pix.png|center|220px]]
<center>OSGeo Foundation Project</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
[[Image:Btn_donate_SM.gif|center|link=http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php]]<center>[http://grass.osgeo.org/donation.php Donate via PayPal.com]</center>
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding: 0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/index.php GRASS GIS Gallery]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org SVN/trac] Source Code Repository
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php Mailing lists] and [http://grass.osgeo.org/community/support.php#irc IRC]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ Report errors]
* [https://svn.osgeo.org/grass/grass/branches/releasebranch_6_4/COPYING Licensed under GNU GPL]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Download ====
* [http://grass.osgeo.org/download/ Source code and binaries]
* [[GRASS AddOns]]
* [[Promotional material]]
* [[Sample datasets]]
* [[Global datasets]]
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">

==== Development ====
* [[Compile and Install|Compilazione e Installazione]] del codice sorgente
* [[Development|Intro Sviluppo di GRASS]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki GRASS-trac]: Wiki degli sviluppatori, bugtracker, browser codice sorgente
* [[Release Roadmap]]
* [[GRASS 7 ideas collection|Raccolta idee per GRASS 7]]
* [[GRASS SoC Ideas|Raccolta idee per Google Summer of Code]]
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/HowToContribute Come contribuire a GRASS] (accesso in scrittura etc.)
</div>

<div style="margin:0; margin-top:10px; border:1px solid #dfdfdf; padding:0em 1em 1em 1em; background-color:#f8f8ff;">
Project Metrics tramite [http://www.ohloh.net/projects/3666 Ohloh].
{{#ohloh: account=3666}}
</div>
|}

[[Category:Languages/it]]

Tips and Tricks

2012-09-30T20:37:10Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Quick tips */

==Tips and Tricks==

===Using QGIS as a frontend to GRASS===

* QGIS started as a simple viewer for geodata. And that's really what it still is: a simple-to-use geodata viewer with some editing capabilities. That's what it was designed to be and that's what it can do really well. QGIS does not have built-in capabilities for geodata processing and analysis.

:However, a while back, Radim Blazek, who was then a core developer of the GRASS 6 system, decided to write a plugin for QGIS that would make it possible to access GRASS functionality from within the QGIS GUI.

:And that's what you get today, when you download a binary version of QGIS for your platform: QGIS + GRASS 6 plus a plugin that makes using GRASS from QGIS simple and fun.


QGIS can run as a frontend to GRASS. There is support for displaying maps, editing maps, and execution of simple GIS functions. The GDAL/OGR library is a requirement for that (but for GRASS anyway):

* QGIS homepage: http://qgis.org
* GDAL homepage: http://www.gdal.org

Here is a nice tutorial for editing vectors using QGIS as a frontend to GRASS: [[Editing_GRASS_vectors_with_QGIS]] (''where did it go? unported from old wiki site?'' )

To use GDAL and GRASS together, the GDAL-GRASS plugin must be installed:

* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]

Test that the GDAL-GRASS plugin is available with this command:<BR>
<pre>
gdalinfo --formats
</pre>
Look for a line like "GRASS (ro): GRASS Database Rasters (5.7+)"

Enable the QGIS GRASS plugin from QGIS: <br>
<pre>
GUI: Plugins / Plugin Manager / Check the GRASS checkbox
</pre>

The GRASS toolbar should now be visible.
While not a firm requirement, it is easier to start QGIS from within a GRASS session.

* [[QGIS GRASS Cookbook]] - Recipes for common tasks

===Importing SRTM30plus data===

See [[Global_datasets#SRTM30plus_data|Global datasets]] page

=== GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) ===

* [[GRASS and GMT]]

GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) is a Free software package for creating publication quality cartography.

GMT homepage: http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu

=== Interfacing R-Statistics with GRASS ===

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|GRASS and R]]

GRASS may be combined with R-Statistics to create a very powerful geostatistical analysis platform.

R-Statistics homepage http://www.r-project.org

===Using GRASS with an on-line Web-GIS===

see:

* [[GRASS and MapServer]]
* [[GRASS and PHP]]
* [[GRASS and Python]]

(please expand)

===Starting and running GRASS from a script===

See [[GRASS and Shell]].

===Running GRASS remotely on OS X===

Tiger (OS 10.4) changed the default configuration of SSH from previous versions of OS X. You can no longer start an ssh session with the -X flag and display the Tcl/Tk components of the GRASS GUI remotely. If you are running grass on OS X (10.4) between hosts on a network (i.e. running it on one machine but displaying it on another), you will need to use the "trusted forwarding" mode of SSH in order for the Tcl/Tk generated graphics, such as d.m or gis.m in order for the GUI graphics to make it through your connection. This can be done using the -Y flag when you start the ssh session:

ssh -Y remotehost

or add this to ~/.ssh/config:

Host hostname
ForwardX11 yes
ForwardX11Trusted yes

Using the -X flag, or simply turning on X11Forwarding in the SSH configuration files, is not enough: the symptoms in this case are that a d.mon window will function fine, but none of the Tcl/Tk dialogues will work, failing with an error message complaining either about Wish not behaving as expected, or a "Bad Atom".

==Quick tips ==

=== Checking categories pertainig to more than one feature ===

v.build op=cdump map=mymap | gawk -F"|" '{print $1}' | uniq -dc
returns, e.g.<br />
5 35347<br />
(5 features with cat 35347)

[[Category:Documentation]]

GRASS and Python

2012-09-28T22:41:25Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: Undo revision 16480 by Lionelswhite (talk)

==Python SIGs==
Python Special Interest Groups are focused collaborative efforts to develop, improve, or maintain specific Python resources. Each SIG has a charter, a coordinator, a mailing list, and a directory on the Python website. SIG membership is informal, defined by subscription to the SIG's mailing list. Anyone can join a SIG, and participate in the development discussions via the SIG's mailing list. Below is the list of currently active Python SIGs, with links to their resources.

See more at http://www.python.org/community/sigs/

==Writing Python scripts in GRASS==

Python is a programming language which is more powerful than shell scripting but easier and more forgiving than C.
The Python script can contain simple module description definitions which will be processed with {{cmd|g.parser}}, as shown in the example below. In this way with no extra coding a GUI can be built, inputs checked, and a skeleton help page can be generated automatically. In addition it adds links to the GRASS message translation system. The library for "scripting" is "grass.script", typically used as:

<source lang="python">
import grass.script as grass
</source>

The related files are at $GISBASE/etc/python/grass/script/*.py. See below for more details.

''Note: For code which needs access to the power of C, you can access the GRASS C library functions via [[GRASS and Python#Python Ctypes Interface|the Python "ctypes" interface]].''

=== Python script editor ===

The [[wxGUI]] Layer Manager in GRASS 6.4.3+ comes with a "Python shell" which enables users to type and execute python commands directly in wxGUI environment.

[[Image:wxgui-pyshell.png|center|350px|Embedded interactive Python Shell in wxGUI Layer Manager]]

=== Using the GRASS Python Scripting Library ===

You can run Python scripts easily in a GRASS session.

To write these scripts,
* check the code in lib/python/ which provides grass.script in order to support GRASS scripts written in Python.<br>
See the [[GRASS Python Scripting Library]] for notes and examples.
* The scripts/ directory of GRASS contains a series of examples actually provided to the end users.

For the desired Python code style, have a look at {{src|SUBMITTING_PYTHON}}.

=== Creating Python scripts that call GRASS functionality from outside ===

Note: This is a more advanced use case of using GRASS' functionality from outside via Python. Commonly, a user will run GRASS Python script from inside a GRASS session, i.e. either from the command line or from the Python shell embedded in the wxGUI ([[:File:Wxgui-pyshell.png|screenshot]]).

For calling GRASS functionality from outside, see also [[Working with GRASS without starting it explicitly]].

==== MS-Windows ====

In order to use GRASS functionality via Python from outside, some environment variables have to be set:

GISBASE= C:\GRASS-64
GISRC= C:\Documents and Settings\user\.grassrc6
LD_LIBRARY_PATH= C:\GRASS-64\lib
PATH= C:\GRASS-64\etc;C:\GRASS-64\etc\python;C:\GRASS-64\lib;C:\GRASS-64\bin;C:\GRASS-64\extralib;C:\GRASS-64\msys\bin;C:\Python26;
PYTHONLIB= C:\Python26
PYTHONPATH= C:\GRASS-64\etc\python
GRASS_SH= C:\GRASS-64\msys\bin\sh.exe

At the super casino that plays are tested by TST this is an independent tester of software and the transactions are theft-proof as the casino is managed by 128-bit SSL encryption. If you further have any question or complaints you can seek he assistance of polite and helpful support team to answer, your queries, questions you can contact the support team 24/7. Moreover the [http://supercasino-games.co.uk/ super casino game] is commitment to responsible gaming that will help the gamblers stay within limits.

Some hints:

# The Python interpreter (python.exe) needs to be in the PATH
# Python needs to be associated with the .py extension
# PATHEXT needs to include .py if you want to be able to omit the extension
# PYTHONPATH needs to be set to %GISBASE%\etc\python

1-3 should be taken care of by the Python installer. 4 needs to be done by the startup (currently, this doesn't appear to be the case on MS-Windows).

==== Linux ====

In order to use GRASS functionality via Python from outside, some environment variables have to be set:

export GISBASE="/usr/local/grass-6.4.svn/"
export PATH="$PATH:$GISBASE/bin:$GISBASE/scripts"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$GISBASE/lib"
# for parallel session management, we use process ID (PID) as lock file number:
export GIS_LOCK=$$
# path to GRASS settings file
export GISRC="$HOME/.grassrc6"

=== Running external commands from Python ===
For information on running external commands from Python, see:
http://docs.python.org/lib/module-subprocess.html

Avoid using the older os.* functions. Section 17.1.3 lists equivalents
using the Popen() interface, which is more robust (particularly on
Windows).

=== Testing and installing Python extensions ===

==== Debugging ====

Make sure the script is executable:

chmod +x /path/to/my.extension.py

During development, a Python script can be debugged using the Python Debugger (pdb):

python -m pdb /path/to/my.extension.py input=my_input_layer output=my_output_layer option=value -f

==== Installation ====

Once you're happy with your script, you can put it in the scripts/ folder of your GRASS install. To do so, first create a directory named after your extension, then create a Makefile for it, and a HTML man page:

cd /path/to/grass_src/
cd scripts
ls # It is useful to check out the existing scripts and their structure
mkdir my.extension
cd my.extension
cp path/to/my.extension.py .
touch my.extension.html
touch Makefile

Next step is to edit the Makefile. It is a very simple text file, the only thing to check is to put the right extension name (WITHOUT the .py file extension) after PGM:

MODULE_TOPDIR = ../..

PGM = my.extension

include $(MODULE_TOPDIR)/include/Make/Script.make

default: script

The HTML file would be generated automatically. If you want to add more precisions in it, you can do it (just make sure you start at DESCRIPTION. See existing scripts.)

You can then run "make" within the my.extension folder. Running "make" in the extension directory places the resulting files in the staging directory (path/to/grass_src/dist.<YOUR_ARCH>/). If you're running GRASS from the staging directory (/path/to/grass_src/bin.<YOUR_ARCH>/grass7), subsequent commands will used the updated files.

# in your extension directory (/path/to/grass_src/scripts/my.extension/)
make
# Starting GRASS from the staging directory
/path/to/grass_src/bin.<YOUR_ARCH>/grass7
my.extension help

You can also run "make install" from the top level directory of your GRASS install (say /usr/local/src/grass_trunk/). Running "make install" from the top level just copies the whole of the dist.<YOUR_ARCH>/ directory to the installation directory (e.g. /usr/local/grass70) and the bin.<YOUR_ARCH>/grass70 bin file to the bin directory (e.g. /usr/local/bin), and fixes any embedded paths in scripts and configuration files.

cd /path/to/grass_src
make install
# Starting GRASS as usual would work and show your extension available
grass7
my.extension help

==Python extensions in GRASS GIS==

=== Python Scripting Library ===

* See [[GRASS Python Scripting Library]]

=== Python Ctypes Interface ===

This interface allows calling GRASS library functions from Python scripts. See [[Python Ctypes Examples]] for details.

Examples:

* GRASS 7: [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/trunk/doc/python/raster_example_ctypes.py raster], [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/trunk/doc/python/vector_example_ctypes.py vector] example

* Latest and greatest: GRASS 7 Python {{src|scripts}}

* <strike>[[PythonSwigExamples|More complicated examples]]</strike> <<-- TODO: update to Ctypes

Sample script for GRASS 6 raster access (use within GRASS, Spearfish session):
<source lang="python">
#!/usr/bin/env python

## TODO: update example to Ctypes

import os, sys
from grass.lib import grass

if "GISBASE" not in os.environ:
print "You must be in GRASS GIS to run this program."
sys.exit(1)

if len(sys.argv)==2:
input = sys.argv[1]
else:
input = raw_input("Raster Map Name? ")

# initialize
grass.G_gisinit('')

# find map in search path
mapset = grass.G_find_cell2(input, '')

# determine the inputmap type (CELL/FCELL/DCELL) */
data_type = grass.G_raster_map_type(input, mapset)

infd = grass.G_open_cell_old(input, mapset)
inrast = grass.G_allocate_raster_buf(data_type)

rown = 0
while True:
myrow = grass.G_get_raster_row(infd, inrast, rown, data_type)
print rown, myrow[0:10]
rown += 1
if rown == 476:
break

grass.G_close_cell(inrast)
grass.G_free(cell)
</source>

Sample script for vector access (use within GRASS, Spearfish session):

<source lang="python">
#!/usr/bin/python

# run within GRASS Spearfish session
# run this before starting python to append module search path:
# export PYTHONPATH=/usr/src/grass70/swig/python
# check with "import sys; sys.path"
# or:
# sys.path.append("/usr/src/grass70/swig/python")
# FIXME: install the grass bindings in $GISBASE/lib/ ?

import os, sys
from grass.lib import grass
from grass.lib import vector as grassvect

if "GISBASE" not in os.environ:
print "You must be in GRASS GIS to run this program."
sys.exit(1)

if len(sys.argv)==2:
input = sys.argv[1]
else:
input = raw_input("Vector Map Name? ")

# initialize
grass.G_gisinit('')

# find map in search path
mapset = grass.G_find_vector2(input,'')

# define map structure
map = grassvect.Map_info()

# define open level (level 2: topology)
grassvect.Vect_set_open_level (2)

# open existing map
grassvect.Vect_open_old(map, input, mapset)

# query
print 'Vect map: ', input
print 'Vect is 3D: ', grassvect.Vect_is_3d (map)
print 'Vect DB links: ', grassvect.Vect_get_num_dblinks(map)
print 'Map Scale: 1:', grassvect.Vect_get_scale(map)
print 'Number of areas:', grassvect.Vect_get_num_areas(map)

# close map
grassvect.Vect_close(map)
</source>

=== wxPython GUI development ===

* See the [[wxGUI]] wiki page

=== Python-GRASS add-ons ===

Stand-alone addons:

* Jáchym Čepický's PyWPS, GRASS-Web Processing Service (http://pywps.wald.intevation.org)

=== Using GRASS gui.tcl in Python ===

Here is some example code to use the grass automatically generated guis in python code. This could (should) all be bundled up and abstracted away so that the implementation can be replaced later.

<source lang="python">
import Tkinter
import os

# Startup (once):

tk = Tkinter.Tk()
tk.eval ("wm withdraw .")
tk.eval ("source $env(GISBASE)/etc/gui.tcl")
# Here you could do various things to change what the gui does
# See gui.tcl and README.GUI

# Make a gui (per dialog)
# This sets up a window for the command.
# This can be different to integrate with tkinter:
tk.eval ('set path ".dialog$dlg"')
tk.eval ('toplevel .dialog$dlg')
# Load the code for this command:
fd = os.popen ("d.vect --tcltk")
gui = fd.read()
# Run it
tk.eval(gui)
dlg = tk.eval('set dlg') # This is used later to get and set

# Get the current command in the gui we just made:
currentcommand = tk.eval ("dialog_get_command " + dlg)

# Set the command in the dialog we just made:
tk.eval ("dialog_set_command " + dlg + " {d.vect map=roads}")
</source>

== FAQ ==

* '''Q:''' Error message "execl() failed: Permission denied" - what to do?
: '''A:''' Be sure that the execute bit of the script is set.

== Links ==

=== General guides ===

* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming/ Wikibook Python Programming]
* [http://www.poromenos.org/tutorials/python Quick Python tutorial] for programmers of other languages
*: [http://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/Programmers More Python tutorials] for programmers
* [http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/ Python programming style guide]
* [http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors Python Editors]

=== Programming ===

* Python and GRASS:
** Library interfaces: [GRASS Python Scripting Library http://grass.osgeo.org/programming7/pythonlib.html]
** Graphical user interface (GIU): [GRASS wxPython-based GUI http://grass.osgeo.org/programming7/wxpythonlib.html]
** PyWPS, GRASS-Web Processing Service: [[WPS]]

* Python and OSGeo:
** [http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/OSGeo_Python_Library OSGeo Python Library]

* Python and GDAL/OGR:
** [http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/community/conferences/MUM3/workshop/python Open Source Python GIS Hacks Mum'03]
** http://hobu.biz/software/OSGIS_Hacks - Python OSGIS Hacks '05
** http://zcologia.com/news/categorylist_html?cat_id=8
** http://www.perrygeo.net/wordpress/?p=4

* Python bindings to PROJ:
** http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/people/jeffrey.s.whitaker/python/pyproj.html

* Python and GIS:
** [http://gispython.org/ Open Source GIS-Python Laboratory]

* Python and Statistics:
** [http://rpy.sourceforge.net/ RPy] - Python interface to the R-statistics programming language

* Bindings:
** SIP (C/C++ bindings generator) http://directory.fsf.org/all/Python-SIP.html
** [http://www.cython.org/ Cython] - C-Extensions for Python (compile where speed is needed)

* Other external projects
** [http://www.scipy.org Scientific Python]
** [http://wiki.python.org/moin/NumericAndScientific Numeric and Scientific]
** [http://w3.pppl.gov/~hammett/comp/python/python.html Info on Python for Scientific Applications]

=== Presentations ===

From FOSS4G2006:
* [http://www.foss4g2006.org/materialDisplay.py?contribId=136&sessionId=48&materialId=slides&confId=1 A Python sweeps in the GRASS] - A. Frigeri 2006
* [http://www.foss4g2006.org/materialDisplay.py?contribId=67&sessionId=48&materialId=slides&confId=1 GRASS goes web: PyWPS] - J. Cepicky 2006 (see also [[WPS]])

{{Python}}

Tips and Tricks

2012-09-27T23:38:08Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: /* Tips and Tricks */ quick tips: checking categories pertainig to more than one feature

==Tips and Tricks==

===Using QGIS as a frontend to GRASS===

* QGIS started as a simple viewer for geodata. And that's really what it still is: a simple-to-use geodata viewer with some editing capabilities. That's what it was designed to be and that's what it can do really well. QGIS does not have built-in capabilities for geodata processing and analysis.

:However, a while back, Radim Blazek, who was then a core developer of the GRASS 6 system, decided to write a plugin for QGIS that would make it possible to access GRASS functionality from within the QGIS GUI.

:And that's what you get today, when you download a binary version of QGIS for your platform: QGIS + GRASS 6 plus a plugin that makes using GRASS from QGIS simple and fun.


QGIS can run as a frontend to GRASS. There is support for displaying maps, editing maps, and execution of simple GIS functions. The GDAL/OGR library is a requirement for that (but for GRASS anyway):

* QGIS homepage: http://qgis.org
* GDAL homepage: http://www.gdal.org

Here is a nice tutorial for editing vectors using QGIS as a frontend to GRASS: [[Editing_GRASS_vectors_with_QGIS]] (''where did it go? unported from old wiki site?'' )

To use GDAL and GRASS together, the GDAL-GRASS plugin must be installed:

* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]

Test that the GDAL-GRASS plugin is available with this command:<BR>
<pre>
gdalinfo --formats
</pre>
Look for a line like "GRASS (ro): GRASS Database Rasters (5.7+)"

Enable the QGIS GRASS plugin from QGIS: <br>
<pre>
GUI: Plugins / Plugin Manager / Check the GRASS checkbox
</pre>

The GRASS toolbar should now be visible.
While not a firm requirement, it is easier to start QGIS from within a GRASS session.

* [[QGIS GRASS Cookbook]] - Recipes for common tasks

===Importing SRTM30plus data===

See [[Global_datasets#SRTM30plus_data|Global datasets]] page

=== GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) ===

* [[GRASS and GMT]]

GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) is a Free software package for creating publication quality cartography.

GMT homepage: http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu

=== Interfacing R-Statistics with GRASS ===

* [[GRASS_and_Rstat|GRASS and R]]

GRASS may be combined with R-Statistics to create a very powerful geostatistical analysis platform.

R-Statistics homepage http://www.r-project.org

===Using GRASS with an on-line Web-GIS===

see:

* [[GRASS and MapServer]]
* [[GRASS and PHP]]
* [[GRASS and Python]]

(please expand)

===Starting and running GRASS from a script===

See [[GRASS and Shell]].

===Running GRASS remotely on OS X===

Tiger (OS 10.4) changed the default configuration of SSH from previous versions of OS X. You can no longer start an ssh session with the -X flag and display the Tcl/Tk components of the GRASS GUI remotely. If you are running grass on OS X (10.4) between hosts on a network (i.e. running it on one machine but displaying it on another), you will need to use the "trusted forwarding" mode of SSH in order for the Tcl/Tk generated graphics, such as d.m or gis.m in order for the GUI graphics to make it through your connection. This can be done using the -Y flag when you start the ssh session:

ssh -Y remotehost

or add this to ~/.ssh/config:

Host hostname
ForwardX11 yes
ForwardX11Trusted yes

Using the -X flag, or simply turning on X11Forwarding in the SSH configuration files, is not enough: the symptoms in this case are that a d.mon window will function fine, but none of the Tcl/Tk dialogues will work, failing with an error message complaining either about Wish not behaving as expected, or a "Bad Atom".

=== Quick tips ===

==== Checking categories pertainig to more than one feature ====

v.build op=cdump map=mymap | gawk -F"|" '{print $1}' | uniq -dc
returns, e.g.<br />
5 35347<br />
(5 features with cat 35347)

[[Category:Documentation]]

GRASS manual translation: proposed script

2012-02-29T00:40:14Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: added option "check for updates" + description how it works

Script to facilitate the creation of GRASS GIS manual pages in various languages:
== The script ==
<source lang=bash>
#!/bin/bash
############################################################################
#
# MODULE: grassdoclang.sh
# AUTHOR(S): Marco Curreli
# PURPOSE: build translation of GRASS full manual pages
# COPYRIGHT: (C) 2012 by Marco Curreli (at least for now)
#
# This program is free software under the GNU General Public
# License (>=v2). Read the file COPYING that comes with GRASS
# for details.
#
# Tool to facilitate building GRASS GIS manual pages in your language,
# including description and headers; the translation of the headers
# is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file
#############################################################################

# Usage: grassdoclang.sh [options]

# inizializza le opzioni
# initiate flags
make_all="FALSE"
make_translation="FALSE"
make_man="FALSE"
display_help="FALSE"
check_update="FALSE"
proceed="FALSE"

# imposta le opzioni
# set options
while getopts "atmh" opt
do
case "$opt" in
"a")
make_all="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"t")
make_translation="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"m")
make_man="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"h")
display_help="TRUE"
;;
"c")
check_update="TRUE"
;;
"*")
echo "is not a valid option"
exit 1
;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

######## VARIABILI ########
######## VARIABLES ########
# imposta la lingua
# set lang
export lang=$(echo $LANG | cut -c 1-2)

# directory dei sorgenti di grass
# grass source directory
cd ../../..
export SRCGRASSDIR=$(pwd)
cd locale/desc/tools

# directory contenente i file description.html tradotti
# directory containing the translated files description.html
export DESCDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc

# directory dei manuali html
# html manuals directory
export HTMLDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html

# elenco dei file description tradotti
# list of the description files translated
export FILE=$(ls $DESCDIR/$lang | grep html)

# directory dei manuali html completi tradotti
# directory of the html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html_$lang

# directory e file .po
# .po directory and files
export PODIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/po
export POFILE=grassmods_$lang.po

# dir. ed elenco dei messaggi(numero di riga della riga msgid del file .po)
# dir. and messages list (msgid row number of .po file)
export LSTMSGDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc/temp
export LSTMSG=$(cat $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang)

# manuali html completi tradotti
# html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangFILE=$(grep -l KEYWORD $HTMLlangDIR/*.html | grep -v r.li.html)

export html2man_dir=$SRCGRASSDIR/tools/g.html2man
export MANDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/man
export MANlangDIR=$MANDIR/$lang
export FULLFILE=$(ls $HTMLlangDIR | grep html)

######## FUNZIONI ########
######## FUNCTIONS #######

displayHelp ()
{
cat <<'EOF'

Tool to facilitate building grass manual pages in your language,
including description and headers; the translation of the headers
is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file

Usage: ./grassdoclang.sh [-a] | [-t] [-m] [-h]

Options:

-a executes the entire script

-t executes only header translation

-m only creates the man pages

-h display this help and exit

-c check for updates and exit

Note:

Option -a excludes other options

If both -t and -m are flagged, either -t and -m options are executed,
in this order

EOF

}

checkUpdate ()
{
for file in $FILE ; do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))
if [ -f ./description.html ] ; then
if [[ $(grep -o -E "Last changed.*Date.*\+" description.html) = $(grep -o -E "Last changed.*Date.*\+" $DESCDIR//$lang/$file) ]] ; then
echo $file is updated
else
echo $file IS NOT UPDATED
fi
elif [[ $(grep -o -E "Last changed.*Date.*\+" $file) = $(grep -o -E "Last changed.*Date.*\+" $DESCDIR//$lang/$file) ]] ; then
echo $file is updated
else
echo $file IS NOT UPDATED
fi
done
}

makeList ()
{
# crea il file con la lista dei msgid
# creates the msgid list file
echo "creating msgid list ..."
grep -n ^msgid $PODIR/$POFILE > $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang

sed -i '
{
/\%./ d
/\.\.\./ d
/^#/ d
/\*/ d
/[Uu]nable to/ d
/[Cc]annot/ d
/[Cc]an not/ d
/Can.t/ d
/[Cc]ould not/ d
/[Ff]ailed to/ d
/[Ee]rror .*in/ d
/[Nn]o.*found/ d
/Please/ d
/[Pp]ermission denied/ d
s|:msgid.*||
1 d
} ' $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang
}

docPrepare ()
{
# copia i file tradotti nelle ripettive directory
# e li rinomina in description.html
# copies translated files to respective directories
# and renames them description.html
mkdir $HTMLlangDIR

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))

if [ -f ./description.html ] ; then
mv description.html description_en.html
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file description.html
else
mv $file ${file}_en
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file ./
fi

make clean && make

if [ -f $HTMLlangDIR/$file ] && $(diff $HTMLlangDIR/$file $HTMLDIR/$file >/dev/null) ; then
echo " file exists and is the same"
else
cp -v $HTMLDIR/$file $HTMLlangDIR
fi
done

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))
mv -f -v description_en.html description.html
mv -v ${file}_en $file
make clean && make
done
}

headerTranslator ()
{
# traduce i messaggi dal file _lang.po
# translates messages of _lang.po files
echo "translating headers ..."
echo
for MSG in $LSTMSG
do
MSGID=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgid/,/msgstr/ {
s|msgid \"||
/msgstr/ d
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

MSGSTR=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgstr/,/^$/ {
s|msgstr "||
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|\%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
/^$/ d
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

ID=$(echo $MSGID | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )
TR=$(echo $MSGSTR | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )

if echo $MSGSTR | grep -q [a-zA-Z]
then
sed -i '
/NAME/,/DESCRIPTION/ {
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'<BR>$@'"$TR"'@
/KEYWORDS/,/SYNOPSIS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<em>'"$ID"'<\/em>@<em>'"$TR"'<\/em>@g
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<DD>'"$ID"'<\/DD>@<DD>'"$TR"'<\/DD>@g
} ' $HTMLlangFILE
fi
done

cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.png $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.css $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.txt $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.jpg $HTMLlangDIR

echo "headers have been translated"
echo
}

makeMan ()
{
# crea le pagine man
# creates the manpages
echo "creating manpages ..."
echo
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang/man1

for file in $FULLFILE
do
echo $file
perl $html2man_dir/g.html2man $HTMLlangDIR/$file $MANlangDIR/man1/$(basename $file .html).1 1
done
}

accent2html ()
{
# converte le lettere accentate in entità html
# converts accents to html entities
echo "converting accents in the headers to html entities"
sed -i '
{
s|è|\è|g
s|é|\é|g
s|à|\à|g
s|ì|\ì|g
s|ò|\ò|g
s|ù|\ù|g
s|È|\È|g
s|À|\À|g
s|Ù|\Ù|g
} ' $HTMLlangDIR/*.html
}

html2accent ()
{
# converte entità html in lettere accentate
# converts html entities in accents
cd $MANlangDIR/man1

for m in $(ls $MANlangDIR/man1)
do
iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 $m > $m.tmp
mv $m.tmp $m
done
echo
echo "coding has changed to UTF-8"
echo

sed -i '
{
s|\è|è|g
s|\é|é|g
s|\à|à|g
s|\ì|ì|g
s|\ò|ò|g
s|\ù|ù|g
s|\È|È|g
s|\À|À|g
s|\Ù|Ù|g
} ' $MANlangDIR/man1/*.1
}

########## AZIONI ###########
########## ACTIONS ##########

if [[ $display_help == TRUE ]] ; then
displayHelp
exit 0
fi

if [[ $check_update == TRUE ]] ; then
checkUpdate
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

# If the proceed flag isn't set, we don't proceed...
if [[ $proceed == "FALSE" ]]; then
echo "Please use repchars -h for usage instructions."
echo
exit 0;
fi

if [[$make_all == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " l'opzione -a esegue tutte le funzioni "
docPrepare && makeList && headerTranslator && accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " -t traduce le intestazioni dei manuali "
makeList && headerTranslator
fi

if [[ $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -m - create le pagine man "
accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
fi

exit 0

######################################################################
</source>

== How it works ==
=== Preparing the grass source ===
Firstly you have to create a dir /locale/desc in the source tree of grass; inside of this, you have to create some sudirs:
* /tools: it contains the scripts grassdoclang.sh
* /$lang: the directories, one per language, containing the translate description.html files
* /temp : contains the lstmsg_$lang temp file, which is the row numbers list of pofile msgids, generated by grassmklst.sh script

=== Usage ===
Just go into /locale/desc/tools and run grassdoclang.sh <br/>
./grassdoclang.sh [options]

Usage: ./grassdoclang.sh [-a] | [-t] [-m] [-h] [-c]

Options: <br/>
-a executes the entire script <br/>
-t executes only header translation <br/>
-m only creates the man pages <br/>
-h display this help and exit <br/>
-c check for updates and exit

Note: <br/>
Option -a excludes other options <br/>
If both -t and -m are flagged, either -t and -m options are executed, in this order

=== How the script works ===
==== building full manual ====
# creates in dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs directory the /html_$lang directory
# renames description.html files as description_en.html
# copy the tranlated files in their respective directories and renames them as description.html
# rebuilds the directories of the modules
# copies complete html files that were generated by make in /html_$lang
# moves all back, renaming description_en.html files as description.html

==== translating headers ====
attends to automatic translation of the headers, inside the files contained in the /html_$lang directory
# generates lstmsg_$lang, which is the row numbers list of the msgids
# defines MSGID and MSGSTR variables, which are the strings of original messages and corresponding translation respectively, taken from .po files
# searches the msgid strings in headers of the html file and substitute them with the corresponding translation (msgtr string)
# finally, copies the not html files (txt, css, png, jpg) into /doc/html_$lang directory

==== creating the manpages ====
# in the headers, converts html entities to accents
# creates the manpages by the grass script g.html2man
# converts manpages encoding to UTF-8 code
# converts html entities in accents

[[Category: Documentation]]

GRASS manual translation: proposed script

2012-02-18T15:44:44Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: fix code

Script to facilitate the creation of GRASS GIS manual pages in various languages:

<source lang=bash>
#!/bin/bash
############################################################################
#
# MODULE: grassdoclang.sh
# AUTHOR(S): Marco Curreli
# PURPOSE: build translation of GRASS full manual pages
# COPYRIGHT: (C) 2012 by Marco Curreli (at least for now)
#
# This program is free software under the GNU General Public
# License (>=v2). Read the file COPYING that comes with GRASS
# for details.
#
# Tool to facilitate building GRASS GIS manual pages in your language,
# including description and headers; the translation of the headers
# is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file
#############################################################################

# Usage: grassdoclang.sh [options]

# inizializza le opzioni
# initiate flags
make_all="FALSE"
make_translation="FALSE"
make_man="FALSE"
display_help="FALSE"
proceed="FALSE"

# imposta le opzioni
# set options
while getopts "atmh" opt
do
case "$opt" in
"a")
make_all="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"t")
make_translation="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"m")
make_man="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"h")
display_help="TRUE"
;;
"*")
echo "is not a valid option"
exit 1
;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

######## VARIABILI ########
######## VARIABLES ########
# imposta la lingua
# set lang
export lang=$(echo $LANG | cut -c 1-2)

# directory dei sorgenti di grass
# grass source directory
cd ../../..
export SRCGRASSDIR=$(pwd)
cd locale/desc/tools

# directory contenente i file description.html tradotti
# directory containing the translated files description.html
export DESCDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc

# directory dei manuali html
# html manuals directory
export HTMLDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html

# elenco dei file description tradotti
# list of the description files translated
export FILE=$(ls $DESCDIR/$lang | grep html)

# directory dei manuali html completi tradotti
# directory of the html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html_$lang

# directory e file .po
# .po directory and files
export PODIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/po
export POFILE=grassmods_$lang.po

# dir. ed elenco dei messaggi(numero di riga della riga msgid del file .po)
# dir. and messages list (msgid row number of .po file)
export LSTMSGDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc/temp
export LSTMSG=$(cat $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang)

# manuali html completi tradotti
# html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangFILE=$(grep -l KEYWORD $HTMLlangDIR/*.html | grep -v r.li.html)

export html2man_dir=$SRCGRASSDIR/tools/g.html2man
export MANDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/man
export MANlangDIR=$MANDIR/$lang
export FULLFILE=$(ls $HTMLlangDIR | grep html)

######## FUNZIONI ########
######## FUNCTIONS #######

displayHelp ()
{
cat <<'EOF'

Tool to facilitate building grass manual pages in your language,
including description and headers; the translation of the headers
is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file

Usage: ./grassdoclang.sh [-a] | [-t] [-m] [-h]

Options:

-a executes the entire script

-t executes only header translation

-m only creates the man pages

-h display this help and exit

Note:

Option -a excludes other options

If both -t and -m are flagged, either -t and -m options are executed,
in this order

EOF

}

makeList ()
{
# crea il file con la lista dei msgid
# creates the msgid list file
echo "creating msgid list ..."
grep -n ^msgid $PODIR/$POFILE > $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang

sed -i '
{
/\%./ d
/\.\.\./ d
/^#/ d
/\*/ d
/[Uu]nable to/ d
/[Cc]annot/ d
/[Cc]an not/ d
/Can.t/ d
/[Cc]ould not/ d
/[Ff]ailed to/ d
/[Ee]rror .*in/ d
/[Nn]o.*found/ d
/Please/ d
/[Pp]ermission denied/ d
s|:msgid.*||
1 d
} ' $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang
}

docPrepare ()
{
# copia i file tradotti nelle ripettive directory
# e li rinomina in description.html
# copies translated files to respective directories
# and renames them description.html
mkdir $HTMLlangDIR

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))

if [ -f ./description.html ] ; then
mv description.html description_en.html
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file description.html
else
mv $file ${file}_en
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file ./
fi

make clean && make

if [ -f $HTMLlangDIR/$file ] && $(diff $HTMLlangDIR/$file $HTMLDIR/$file >/dev/null) ; then
echo " file exists and is the same"
else
cp -v $HTMLDIR/$file $HTMLlangDIR
fi
done

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))
mv -f -v description_en.html description.html
mv -v ${file}_en $file
make clean && make
done
}

headerTranslator ()
{
# traduce i messaggi dal file _lang.po
# translates messages of _lang.po files
echo "translating headers ..."
echo
for MSG in $LSTMSG
do
MSGID=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgid/,/msgstr/ {
s|msgid \"||
/msgstr/ d
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

MSGSTR=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgstr/,/^$/ {
s|msgstr "||
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|\%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
/^$/ d
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

ID=$(echo $MSGID | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )
TR=$(echo $MSGSTR | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )

if echo $MSGSTR | grep -q [a-zA-Z]
then
sed -i '
/NAME/,/DESCRIPTION/ {
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'<BR>$@'"$TR"'@
/KEYWORDS/,/SYNOPSIS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<em>'"$ID"'<\/em>@<em>'"$TR"'<\/em>@g
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<DD>'"$ID"'<\/DD>@<DD>'"$TR"'<\/DD>@g
} ' $HTMLlangFILE
fi
done

cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.png $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.css $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.txt $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.jpg $HTMLlangDIR

echo "headers have been translated"
echo
}

makeMan ()
{
# crea le pagine man
# creates the manpages
echo "creating manpages ..."
echo
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang/man1

for file in $FULLFILE
do
echo $file
perl $html2man_dir/g.html2man $HTMLlangDIR/$file $MANlangDIR/man1/$(basename $file .html).1 1
done
}

accent2html ()
{
# converte le lettere accentate in entità html
# converts accents to html entities
echo "converting accents in the headers to html entities"
sed -i '
{
s|è|\è|g
s|é|\é|g
s|à|\à|g
s|ì|\ì|g
s|ò|\ò|g
s|ù|\ù|g
s|È|\È|g
s|À|\À|g
s|Ù|\Ù|g
} ' $HTMLlangDIR/*.html
}

html2accent ()
{
# converte entità html in lettere accentate
# converts html entities in accents
cd $MANlangDIR/man1

for m in $(ls $MANlangDIR/man1)
do
iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 $m > $m.tmp
mv $m.tmp $m
done
echo
echo "coding has changed to UTF-8"
echo

sed -i '
{
s|\è|è|g
s|\é|é|g
s|\à|à|g
s|\ì|ì|g
s|\ò|ò|g
s|\ù|ù|g
s|\È|È|g
s|\À|À|g
s|\Ù|Ù|g
} ' $MANlangDIR/man1/*.1
}

########## AZIONI ###########
########## ACTIONS ##########

if [[ $display_help == TRUE ]] ; then
displayHelp
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

# If the proceed flag isn't set, we don't proceed...
if [[ $proceed == "FALSE" ]]; then
echo "Please use repchars -h for usage instructions."
echo
exit 0;
fi

if [[$make_all == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " l'opzione -a esegue tutte le funzioni "
docPrepare && makeList && headerTranslator && accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " -t traduce le intestazioni dei manuali "
makeList && headerTranslator
fi

if [[ $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -m - create le pagine man "
accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
fi

exit 0
</source>

[[Category: Documentation]]

GRASS manual translation: proposed script

2012-02-17T01:43:34Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: used tag <source>

<source lang=bash>
#!/bin/bash
############################################################################
#
# MODULE: grassdoclang.sh
# AUTHOR(S): Marco Curreli
# PURPOSE: build translation of GRASS full manual pages
# COPYRIGHT: (C) 2012 by Marco Curreli (at least for now)
#
# This program is free software under the GNU General Public
# License (>=v2). Read the file COPYING that comes with GRASS
# for details.
#
# Tool to facility building GRASS GIS manual pages in your language,
# including description and headers; the translation of the headers
# is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file
#############################################################################

# Usage: grassdoclang.sh [options]

# inizializza le opzioni
# initiate flags
make_all="FALSE"
make_translation="FALSE"
make_man="FALSE"
display_help="FALSE"
proceed="FALSE"

# imposta le opzioni
# iet options
while getopts "atmh" opt
do
case "$opt" in
"a")
make_all="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"t")
make_translation="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"m")
make_man="TRUE"
proceed="TRUE"
;;
"h")
display_help="TRUE"
;;
"*")
echo "is not a valid option"
exit 1
;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

######## VARIABILI ########
######## VARIABLES ########
# imposta la lingua
# set lang
export lang=$(echo $LANG | cut -c 1-2)

# directory dei sorgenti di grass
# grass source directory
cd ../../..
export SRCGRASSDIR=$(pwd)
cd locale/desc/tools

# directory contenente i file description.html tradotti
# directory containing the translated files description.html
export DESCDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc

# directory dei manuali html
# html manuals directory
export HTMLDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html

# elenco dei file description tradotti
# list of the description files translated
export FILE=$(ls $DESCDIR/$lang | grep html)

# directory dei manuali html completi tradotti
# directory of the html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/docs/html_$lang

# directory e file .po
# .po directory and files
export PODIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/po
export POFILE=grassmods_$lang.po

# dir. ed elenco dei messaggi(numero di riga della riga msgid del file .po)
# dir. and messages list (msgid row number of .po file)
export LSTMSGDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/locale/desc/temp
export LSTMSG=$(cat $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang)

# manuali html completi tradotti
# html complete manuals translated
export HTMLlangFILE=$(grep -l KEYWORD $HTMLlangDIR/*.html | grep -v r.li.html)

export html2man_dir=$SRCGRASSDIR/tools/g.html2man
export MANDIR=$SRCGRASSDIR/dist.i686-pc-linux-gnu/man
export MANlangDIR=$MANDIR/$lang
export FULLFILE=$(ls $HTMLlangDIR | grep html)

######## FUNZIONI ########
######## FUNCTIONS #######

displayHelp ()
{
cat <<'EOF'

Tool to facility building grass manual pages in your language,
including description and headers; the translation of the headers
is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file

Usage: ./grassdoclang.sh [-a] | [-t] [-m] [-h]

Options:

-a executes the entire script

-t executes only header translation

-m only creates the man pages

-h display this help and exit

Note:

Option -a excludes other options

If both -t and -m are flagged, either -t and -m options are executed,
in this order

EOF

}

makeList ()
{
# crea il file con la lista dei msgid
# creates the msgid list file
echo "creazione dell'elenco dei messaggi po"
grep -n ^msgid $PODIR/$POFILE > $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang

sed -i '
{
/\%./ d
/\.\.\./ d
/^#/ d
/\*/ d
/[Uu]nable to/ d
/[Cc]annot/ d
/[Cc]an not/ d
/Can.t/ d
/[Cc]ould not/ d
/[Ff]ailed to/ d
/[Ee]rror .*in/ d
/[Nn]o.*found/ d
/Please/ d
/[Pp]ermission denied/ d
s|:msgid.*||
1 d
} ' $LSTMSGDIR/lstmsg_$lang
}

docPrepare ()
{
# copia i file tradotti nelle ripettive directory
# e li rinomina in description.html
# copies translated files to respective directories
# and renames them description.html
mkdir $HTMLlangDIR

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))

if [ -f ./description.html ] ; then
mv description.html description_en.html
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file description.html
else
mv $file ${file}_en
cp -v ${DESCDIR}/$lang/$file ./
fi

make clean && make

if [ -f $HTMLlangDIR/$file ] && $(diff $HTMLlangDIR/$file $HTMLDIR/$file >/dev/null) ; then
echo " file exists and is the same"
else
cp -v $HTMLDIR/$file $HTMLlangDIR
fi
done

for file in $FILE
do
cd $SRCGRASSDIR
cd $(find -type d -name $(basename $file .html))
mv -f -v description_en.html description.html
mv -v ${file}_en $file
make clean && make
done
}

headerTranslator ()
{
# traduce i messaggi dal file _lang.po
# translates messages of _lang.po files
for MSG in $LSTMSG
do
MSGID=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgid/,/msgstr/ {
s|msgid \"||
/msgstr/ d
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

MSGSTR=$(
sed -n '
'"$MSG"',/^$/ {
/msgstr/,/^$/ {
s|msgstr "||
s|^\"||g
s|\"$||g
s|\\"|\"|g
s|\%.*||g
s|\*.*||g
s|\.\.\.||
s|\\n|<br>|
/^$/ d
p
}
} ' $PODIR/$POFILE
)

ID=$(echo $MSGID | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )
TR=$(echo $MSGSTR | sed -e 's|[]\[\^\$\.\*\/]|\\&|g' )

if echo $MSGSTR | grep -q [a-zA-Z]
then
sed -i '
/NAME/,/DESCRIPTION/ {
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/NAME/,/KEYWORDS/ s@'"$ID"'<BR>$@'"$TR"'@
/KEYWORDS/,/SYNOPSIS/ s@'"$ID"'$@'"$TR"'@
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<em>'"$ID"'<\/em>@<em>'"$TR"'<\/em>@g
/SYNOPSIS/,/DESCRIPTION/ s@<DD>'"$ID"'<\/DD>@<DD>'"$TR"'<\/DD>@g
} ' $HTMLlangFILE
fi
done

cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.png $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.css $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.txt $HTMLlangDIR
cp -n -v $HTMLDIR/*.jpg $HTMLlangDIR

exit 0
}

makeMan ()
{
# crea le pagine man
# creates the manpages
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang
mkdir $MANDIR/$lang/man1

for file in $FULLFILE
do
echo $file
perl $html2man_dir/g.html2man $HTMLlangDIR/$file $MANlangDIR/man1/$(basename $file .html).1 1
done
}

accent2html ()
{
# converte le lettere accentate in entità html
# converts accents to html entities
sed -i '
{
s|è|\è|g
s|é|\é|g
s|à|\à|g
s|ì|\ì|g
s|ò|\ò|g
s|ù|\ù|g
s|È|\È|g
s|À|\À|g
s|Ù|\Ù|g
} ' $HTMLlangDIR/*.html
}

html2accent ()
{
# converte entità html in lettere accentate
# converts html entities in accents
for m in $(ls $MANlangDIR/man1)
do
iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 $m > $m.tmp
mv $m.tmp $m
done

sed -i '
{
s|\è|è|g
s|\é|é|g
s|\à|à|g
s|\ì|ì|g
s|\ò|ò|g
s|\ù|ù|g
s|\È|È|g
s|\À|À|g
s|\Ù|Ù|g
} ' $MANlangDIR/man1/*.1
}

########## AZIONI ###########
########## ACTIONS ##########

if [[ $display_help == TRUE ]] ; then
displayHelp
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

if [[ $make_all == TRUE && $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -a ..."
proceed="FALSE"
fi

# If the proceed flag isn't set, we don't proceed...
if [[ $proceed == "FALSE" ]]; then
echo "Please use repchars -h for usage instructions."
echo
exit 0;
fi

if [[$make_all == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " l'opzione -a esegue tutte le funzioni "
docPrepare && makeList && headerTranslator && accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
exit 0
fi

if [[ $make_translation == TRUE && $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo "eseguite le opzioni -t e -m, in quest'ordine "
makeList && headerTranslator && accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
fi

if [[ $make_translation == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " -t traduce le intestazioni dei manuali "
makeList && headerTranslator
fi

if [[ $make_man == TRUE ]] ; then
echo " solo -m - create le pagine man "
accent2html && makeMan && html2accent
fi

exit 0
</source>

GRASS manual translation

2012-02-17T01:31:42Z

⚠️Marcocurreli: ideas for manual

{{ToModify}}

==== Ideas for a translation framework ====
''(Extracted from [[Updating GRASS Documentation]])''

A '''true''' translation framework for translation of both interface and documentation would be structured like this:
* web interface based on '''[http://translate.sourceforge.net/wiki/pootle/index pootle]''', to make contributions easy also for non-tech people (gettext, html, etc). For a working system, see https://transifex.net/projects/p/grass6/
* for documentation use '''[http://po4a.alioth.debian.org/ po4a]''', that can be integrated with pootle.
* see also http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ticket/846

==== Some ideas for get full manuals translated ====
* put description.html files in GRASS-SVN repository, in a directory, e.g. grass-manpages-locales, and in one subdir, one per language, e.g.grass-manpages-locales/it

* put a tool in a directory in the grass source; for test I have made [[GRASS manual translation: proposed script|a script]], to building full manual pages in a local language, including description and headers; the translation of the headers is made by extracting mstr from grassmods_lang.po file

* for each language, someone builds the manuals (html and man pages) by using the tool, and compresses them in a tar.gz file

* put the files, e.g. grassdocs_lang.tar.gz, in the download section of GRASS

* the normal user doesn't need to recompile grass, just dowloads the package for his language and installs it

* package manteiners of distibutions can create packages to do that
my two cents [[User:Marcocurreli|Marcocurreli]] 17:31, 16 February 2012 (PST)