{{Trans|Português do Brasil|English}}

See also the [[LANDSAT]] wiki page.

'''Aim of this tutorial:'''

* Transforming a Landsat ETM+ image from DN values to radiance values
* Conducting an atmospheric correction of a Landsat image using the {{cmd|i.atcorr}} module in GRASS GIS

== Introduction ==

The standard steps for processing satellite images are:

# Convert DN (digital number = pixel values) to ''Radiance at TOA'' (see formula below or use {{cmd|i.landsat.toar|version=65}}). {{cmd|i.landsat.toar|version=65}} supports all Landsat versions from MSS to TM to ETM+.
# Perform atmospheric correction (which converts Radiance at TOA -> ''Reflectance at surface''): done by {{cmd|i.atcorr}}.

''Note:'' Remember, to check if water areas are > 0, since reflectance is always positive. If negative, you have a "cornichon" (pickle in English ;-0). Means the transform equation inputs are not belong to image processed.

== Requirements ==

* GRASS 6.4.0 or higher
* North Carolina sample dataset (location): http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php

After downloading of the North Carolina dataset, it must be unzipped into your GIS database. When starting GRASS GIS, select this GIS database, open the ‘nc_spm_08’ dataset as LOCATION, and ‘PERMANENT’ as MAPSET.

== Calculating radiance values ==

The NC data set mapset contains, amongst others, a Landsat ETM+ image of 24th of May 2002. Every pixel of this image contains a DN or grey value. In order to be able to make calculations with satellite imagery, or compare values amongst different sensors, these values have to be converted to radiances or reflectances. The formulas to do this conversion are described here for Landsat images (or use [[GRASS_AddOns#i.landsat.toar|i.landsat.toar]]).
The conversion from DN values to top-of-atmosphere radiances is done as follows:


Lλ = ((LMAXλ - LMINλ)/(QCALMAX-QCALMIN)) * (QCAL-QCALMIN) + LMINλ

Where:

* Lλ - spectral Radiance at the sensor's aperture in watts/(meter squared * ster * μm), the apparent radiance as seen by the satellite sensor;
* QCAL - the quantized calibrated pixel value in DN;
* LMINλ - the spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMIN in watts/(meter squared * ster * μm);
* LMAXλ - the spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMAX in watts/(meter squared * ster * μm);
* QCALMIN - the minimum quantized calibrated pixel value (corresponding to LMINλ) in DN;
* QCALMAX - the maximum quantized calibrated pixel value (corresponding to LMAXλ) in DN=255.

LMINλ and LMAXλ are the radiances related to the minimal and maximal DN value, and are reported in the metadata file for each image, or in the table 1. High gain or low gain is also reported in the metadata file of each Landsat image. The minimal DN value (QCALMIN) is 1 for Landsat ETM+ images (1), and the maximal DN value (QCALMAX) is 255. QCAL is the DN value for every separate pixel in the Landsat image.

Accessing the metadata:

{{cmd|r.info}} lsat7_2002_xx

Under ‘comments’, the maximal and minimal radiance (LMAX and LMIN) for each band are given.

Power users may use this for nicely readable output (example for channel 1):

CHAN=1
{{cmd|r.info}} lsat7_2002_${CHAN}0 -h | tr '\n' ' ' | sed 's+ ++g' | tr ':' '\n' | grep "LMIN_BAND${CHAN}\|LMAX_BAND${CHAN}"

Conversion to radiance (this calculation is done for band 1, for the other bands, the numbers in italics need to be replaced with their correct values):

{{cmd|g.region}} rast=lsat7_2002_10 -p
{{cmd|r.mapcalc}} "lsat7_2002_10_rad=((''191.6'' - (''-6.2'')) / (255.0 - 1.0)) * (lsat7_2002_10 - 1.0) + (''-6.2'')"

For faster computations, use an integer DEM:

{{cmd|r.mapcalc}} "elev_int = round(elevation)"

Find mean elevation to initialize computations (needed in 'icnd' file below)

{{cmd|r.univar}} elev_int

== Estimating the overpass time from the sun position ==

The satellite overpass time can be estimated rather precisely from the sun position reported in metadata using {{cmd|r.sunmask}}:
The [ftp://ftp.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/glcf/Landsat/WRS2/p016/r035/p016r035_7x20020524.ETM-EarthSat-Orthorectified/p016r035_7x20020524.met metadata] of this example report: SUN_AZIMUTH = 120.8810347, SUN_ELEVATION = 64.7730999

# iteratively change hour and minutes to obtain a good result, timezone needs to be correct of course:
{{cmd|r.sunmask}} -s elev=elevation out=dummy year=2002 month=5 day=24 hour=10 min=42 sec=7 timezone=-5

Reports: sun azimuth: 121.342461, sun angle above horz.(refraction corrected): 65.396652

The resulting overpass local time 10:42:07 corresponds to 15:42 in GMT which corresponds to 15.67 in decimal GMT hours (decimal minutes: 42 * 100 / 60). This value is needed for the control file.

== Atmospheric correction ==

This radiance image can be used for the atmospheric correction with the '''6S algorithm'''. The algorithm will transform the top-of-the-atmosphere radiance values to top-of-canopy reflectance values using predefined information on the aerosol content and atmospheric composition of the time the image was taken. What follows describes the method to use this algorithm in GRASS GIS. Again, only the calculations for band 1 are shown, and the numbers to be changed for the other bands are indicated in red. The 'icnd_lsat1.txt' control file consists of the following parameters, and is written with a text editor:

8 # indicates that it is an ETM+ image
05 24 15.67 -78.691 35.749 # image taken on the 24th of May, at 15:42 GMT in decimals; the center of the image lies at 78.691°W and 35.749°N
2 # the midlatitude summer atmospheric model
1 # the continental aerosol model
50 # the visibility for the aerosol model [km]
-0.110 # the terrain lies 110 meters above sea level [km] * -1
-1000 # image taken of a satellite sensor (1000)
61 # spectral band, here 1: blue

''TODO: understand if the [http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/dataproducts.php?MOD_NUMBER=04 MODIS Aerosol Product (MOD04)] could be useful to estimate the visibility for the aerosol model.''

This file is then used in the {{cmd|i.atcorr}} module:

{{cmd|i.atcorr}} -a -o iimg=lsat7_2002_10_rad ialt=elev_int icnd=icdn_lsat1.txt oimg=lsat7_2002_10_atcorr

Where:
* <tt>-a</tt> refers to a Landsat image taken after July 2000
* <tt>-o</tt> activates the cache acceleration
* <tt>iimg</tt> is the image to be corrected
* <tt>ialt</tt> is the altitude map which overrides the initialization value of 110 meters
* <tt>icnd</tt> is the path to the icnd.txt file
* <tt>oimg</tt> is the name of the output image

More information on the use of {{cmd|i.atcorr}} for other images can be found in the {{cmd|i.atcorr}} manual.

== References ==

* [http://6s.ltdri.org 6S Web site]
* [http://modis-sr.ltdri.org/ Land Surface Reflectance Science Computing Facility website - 6S]
* (1) http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbook/handbook_htmls/chapter11/chapter11.html
* (2) http://landsat.usgs.gov/documents/L5TM_postcal_v11.pdf
* [http://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/tools/predict.htm NASA LaRC Satellite Overpass Predictor]
* Song, C., Woodcock, C.E., Seto, K.C., Lenney, M.P., Macomber, S.A., 2001. Classification and Change Detection Using Landsat TM Data: When and How to Correct Atmospheric Effects? Remote Sensing of Environment 75, 230-244. [http://www.unc.edu/courses/2008spring/geog/577/001/www/Song01_RSE.pdf PDF]

How to add new sensors to i.atcorr:
* see http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/trunk/imagery/i.atcorr/README

[[Category: Documentation]]
[[Category: Tutorial]]
[[Category: Image processing]]
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