GRASS-Wiki - User contributions [en]

Archeology

2008-05-21T09:04:37Z

⚠️Steko: first draft, needs more love

GRASS GIS is used in many archaeological projects.

== Some archaeological links related to GRASS ==

* http://wiki.iosa.it/ Quantitative Archaeology Wiki (check out the "Spatial Analysis" section)
* http://arkygeek.blogspot.com/

Updating GRASS Documentation

2008-02-18T12:12:50Z

⚠️Steko: /* Translations */

= How-to for Updating GRASS Manual Pages =

* [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/trunk/doc/html_documentation.txt doc/html_documentation.txt] from the GRASS source code

== Overview ==

Module manual page:

Place the documentation in HTML format into 'description.html'.
The easiest way to do this is to study an existing HTML page
(to get the page style, e.g. vector/v.to.db/description.html).
With a few exceptions header and footer are NOT allowed.
You can add figures (PNG format), the figure name prefix should be the
module name. See raster/r.terraflow/description.html for an example.

Note that the parameter information is auto-generated upon
compilation. This is done by running module in a virtual session
after compilation (see the output of 'make'). To subsequently
verify the final HTML page, check the resulting HTML pages which
will be stored with the name of the module.

The online WWW man pages will be updated every Saturday by SVN.

== Instructions ==

This page will provide general step-by-step instructions for updating and improving GRASS manual pages. Feel free to update and improve this page as well! See also [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/browser/grass/trunk/SUBMITTING_DOCS SUBMITTING_DOCS] in the source code.

As an example, the vector program v.in.ascii will be used to illustrate the steps required to update its manual page. These steps can then be generalized for your case.

== Getting the latest source ==

* To begin, you must obtain the latest GRASS source code from the Subversion repositories. Detailed instructions on how to do so can be found [http://trac.osgeo.org/grass/wiki/DownloadSource here.]
* Once you have downloaded the SVN source code, open a terminal and change directory to where the source for a specific GRASS module is located - in this example, something like:
cd /your_svn_directory/grass6/vector/v.in.ascii

* Open a text editor and make your edits to description.html. Do not use a "WYSYWIG" HTML editor on those files, but either a normal text editor or something which is designed for editing HTML ''source'' (e.g. [X]Emacs' html-mode or psgml-mode). Save your edits by overwriting the original description.html.

== Help page sections ==

Please use the following section list as a ''guideline''.
The intent is to promote a unified user experience, not to limit the flow of information. If exceptions are needed, please use them sparingly.
Minor sections (<H3>, etc) may be free-form, as required.

=== Auto-generated ===
Modules using the parser interface will have these sections automatically generated from '<tt>g.module --html-description</tt>'
<pre>
<H2>NAME</H2>
<H2>KEYWORDS</H2>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
</pre>

=== Found in description.html ===
A number of major sections should be present in each help page.

<pre>
* = Required
! = Suggested
. = Optional

In recommended order
--------------------

* <H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
! <H2>NOTE</H2>, <H2>NOTES</H2>
! <H2>EXAMPLE</H2>, <H2>EXAMPLES</H2>
. <H2>TODO</H2>
. <H2>BUGS</H2>
. <H2>REFERENCE</H2>, <H2>REFERENCES</H2>
* <H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
* <H2>AUTHOR</H2>, <H2>AUTHORS</H2>
</pre>

== Images ==

* Images can also be inserted in the html help page. See [http://grass.itc.it/grass63/manuals/html63_user/v.voronoi.html v.voronoi] for an example. Note that images won't show up in the Grass ''man'' pages (which are generated from the HTML), so they shouldn't be considered a substitute for an adequate textual description. Be sure to also send the image (preferably png format) along with your documentation patch.

PNG files are best for figures with solid chunks of a single color. They can get rather large for imagery. In those cases JPEGs are a better choice. In general JPEG is a lossy format so the image quality will not be as good.

To help keep the source distribution size small, try and keep the images small and the files under 50kb or so. Save PNGs at a compression setting of "9" with a minimal color pallet, you can also use tools like
<tt>pngcrush</tt> to compress them further.

== Examples ==

For non trivial modules please provide an example of the command line usage. It is good to have this double as a mini-tutorial, so please use one of the sample datasets (Spearfish or the new North Carolina one) or common dataset such as NASA's WMS or SRTM data files.

Examples should be coded like this:

<div class="code"><pre>
v.to.db map=soils type=area option=area col=area_size unit=h
</pre></div>

== HTML codes ==

The g.html2man tool is used to generate man pages from the HTML help files.

* The following html codes are understood to some extent by g.html2man (brackets removed): A, B, BLINK, BODY, BR, CODE, DD, DL, DT, EM, H2, H3, H4, HEAD, HEADER, HR, I, IMG, LI, OL, P, PRE, SUP, TABLE, TD, TH, TITLE, TR, UL.

* Others may be added to g.html2man as required.

== Creating and submitting a patch ==

* See the [[Patches]] wiki page

== Translations ==

Currently there is no framework for translating the help pages.

Idea: use an online translator such as AltaVista's Babelfish service or Google Translate.

: The top part of the page (generated by `g.module --html-description`) is translated by the $LANG variable and <grass/glocale.h>, so we should not be attempting to automatically translate the option and modules names. The idea for a two part translation is to make a modified version of tools/mkhtml.sh which (if ./config'd --with-nls) loops through major languages and creates html pages like $GISBASE/docs/html/de/, $GISBASE/docs/html/es/,... but instead of just pasting the english description.html files to the bottom have it save those as g.module_descr_en.html in a common dir.
: The translated help pages (generated with mkhtml_i18n.sh) would contain a lower frame which calls an online translation of the g.module_descr_en.html page from e.g. ibiblio.org/grass63/html_docs/en_descr/g.module_descr_en.html with the appropriate "lp=en_de" setting in the bablefish URL.
: ?

example of live whole-page translations for GRASS 6.3 help pages:
* Chinese- Simplified [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_zh&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Czh-CN&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Chinese- Traditional [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_zt&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Czh-TW&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Dutch [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_nl&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cnl&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* French [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_fr&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cfr&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* German [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_de&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cde&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Greek [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_el&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cel&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Italian [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_it&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cit&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Japanese [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_ja&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cja&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Korean [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_ko&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cko&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Portuguese [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_pt&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cpt&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Russian [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_ru&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Cru&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]
* Spanish [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_load?lp=en_es&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.ibiblio.org%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html AltaVista] - [http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fgrass.fbk.eu%2Fgrass63%2Fmanuals%2Fhtml63_user%2Findex.html&langpair=en%7Ces&hl=en&ie=UTF8 Google]

=== Ideas for a translation framework ===

The above idea really sucks IMHO. Better not to have translated documentation at all than babelfish. --[[User:Steko|Steko]] 13:12, 18 February 2008 (CET)

A '''true''' translation framework for translation of both interface and documentation would be structured like this:
* web interface based on '''[http://translate.sourceforge.net/wiki/pootle/index pootle]''', to make contributions easy also for non-tech people (gettext, html, etc)
* for documentation use '''[http://po4a.alioth.debian.org/ po4a]''', that can be integrated with pootle.

== See also ==

* Job offer [[Project_jobs#Documentation_manager_.28open.29|Documentation manager]]

* [[Development#Documentation|Doxygen generated help]] from the source code for the [http://grass.itc.it/devel/index.php#prog Programmers' Manual].

AddOns

2007-05-21T08:59:52Z

⚠️Steko: /* Vector add-ons */

This page contains references to user contributions and add-ons (the original GRASS GIS software can be downloaded [http://grass.itc.it/download/index.php here]).

__TOC__

== AddOns source code repository ==

The source code for a number of AddOns is hosted in a [https://grasssvn.itc.it/grasssvn/grassaddons/trunk/grassaddons/ SVN repository at ITC-irst].

==Copyright and licensing information==

''Please be sure to include copyright and licensing information in the header comments of your code so that others may know how they can use, extend, modify, and redistribute your work.''

e.g. at the top of a shell script:
<pre>
#!/bin/sh
############################################################################
#
# MODULE: v.in.e00
#
# AUTHOR(S): Markus Neteler, Otto Dassau
#
# PURPOSE: Import E00 data into a GRASS vector map
# Imports single and split E00 files (.e00, .e01, .e02 ...)
#
# COPYRIGHT: (c) 2004, 2005 GDF Hannover bR, http://www.gdf-hannover.de
#
# This program is free software under the GNU General Public
# License (>=v2). Read the file COPYING that comes with GRASS
# for details.
#
#############################################################################
#
# REQUIREMENTS:
# - avcimport: http://avce00.maptools.org

[script follows]
</pre>

==Shell script coding standards==

Please have a look at our [http://grass.itc.it/grass63/source/SUBMITTING_SCRIPTS Shell script coding standards] before submitting here.

==Miscellaneous Add-ons==

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/utm_which_zone.sh utm_which_zone.sh] is a shell script to determine UTM zone from Lat/Lon input. Requires [http://www.octave.org Octave] to be installed. A shell-only version is [http://dcalvelo.free.fr/grass/utm_which_zone_sh.sh available] which only requires awk. '''Authors''': Hamish Bowman (Octave part), Markus Neteler (shell script wrapper), Daniel Calvelo (sh+awk version)

* Perl scripts for converting data forth and back between Excel files and PostgreSQL: [http://dcalvelo.free.fr/grass/pg2xls.pl pg2xls.pl] reads data from PostgreSQL and produces an excel workbook; [http://dcalvelo.free.fr/grass/xls2sql.pl xls2sql.pl] reads excel files and outputs SQL statements to be fed into an RDBMS. Both scripts need modules from [http://www.cpan.org CPAN], especially [http://search.cpan.org/dist/Spreadsheet-ParseExcel/ Spreadsheet::ParseExcel] for xls2sql.pl and [http://search.cpan.org/~tmtm/Spreadsheet-WriteExcel-FromDB Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::FromDB] and its dependencies for pg2sql.pl. Check the source headers for more info. '''Authors:''' Daniel Calvelo (xls2sql.pl), Markus Neteler (pg2xls.pl)

* [http://dream.lrrl.arch.tu-muenchen.de/~wqual/perl/dbf2sql.tgz dbf2sql] is a Perl script for translating dbf-tables into a sql-command. dbf-tables are read using dbfdump-command from dbd-xbase-perl module ([http://search.cpan.org/~janpaz/DBD-XBase-0.241/ dbd::xbase] and [http://search.cpan.org/~jv/Getopt-Long-2.35/lib/Getopt/Long.pm getopt::long] have to be installed from CPAN first). There are problems, if the last column of the table contains characters. Suggestions for improvements welcome! '''Author:'''Wolfgang Qual

* [http://www.igc.usp.br/pessoais/guano/downloads/azimuth2.c azimuth2.c] is a small C program to calculate the azimuth and length of vector lines exported by GRASS-GIS as ASCII files (like this: v.out.ascii input=vector output=ascii format=standard). It is useful for create rose diagrams of lineament maps. Improvements on the original code after suggestions by Örs Téglásy, Hungary. '''Author:''' Carlos Henrique Grohmann

==GRASS 5.x==

===Vector add-ons for GRASS 5===

* See here: http://grass.itc.it/download/addons.php

===Raster add-ons for GRASS 5===

* See here: http://grass.itc.it/download/addons.php

* [http://www.valledemexico.ambitiouslemon.com/gwmodelling.html r.gmtg] The groundwater modelling tool for grass. A module to use MODFLOW within GRASS. '''Author''': Jaime Carrera

==GRASS 6.x==

===Vector add-ons===

* [http://geni.ath.cx/grass/v.out.gmt v.out.gmt] is a shell script that exports a polygon vector file into GMT xy file. psbasemap code was copied from Hamish's r.out.gmt. '''Author:''' Huidae Cho, Hamish Bowman, Dylan Beaudette

* [http://www.pois.org/florian/downloads/grass/v.strahler.tgz v.strahler] is a module that calculates the Strahler Order for all lines of a given dendritic network. '''Author:''' Florian Kindl. Available via SVN:
: <tt>svn co https://grasssvn.itc.it/svn/grassaddons/trunk/grassaddons/v.strahler</tt>

* [http://svg.cc/grass/index.html v.out.svg] is a module that exports SVG notation along with optional attribute data directly from GRASS 6.x vector layers. Now part of grass63-cvs. '''Author:''' Klaus Förster

* [http://les-ejk.cz/programs/ v.trees3d] is a module for making 3D trees from input vector point file. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://www.public.asu.edu/~cmbarton/files/grass_scripts/v.lda v.lda] is a shell script for calculating Ian Johnson's (U. Sidney) Local Density Analysis values to measure clustering of point data at different neighborhood radii. There is an option to create a simple line graph of the results. There have been reports of problems creating the line graph on Cygwin installations of GRASS. '''Author:''' Michael Barton

* [http://www.public.asu.edu/~cmbarton/files/grass_scripts/v.append v.append] is a shell script combining two vector files AND their associated attribute tables. The vector files should be of the same type and, for best results, should have identically formatted attribute tables. '''Author:''' Michael Barton

* [http://www.shockfamily.net/cedric/grass/v.group v.group] generates a new vector map with the same geometry as an existing map. The new map has categories and a table based on grouping by the values in certain columns of the existing map's table. The values in these columns are preserved in the table for the new map. It's like a v.reclass that preserves data. '''Author:''' Cedric Shock

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/v.out.ascii.db v.out.ascii.db] is a shell script for exporting vector point data coordinates and selected attribute columns to either a file or to the console. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://les-ejk.cz/programs v.rasterbounds] is a shell script for creating polygon-vector file of rasterfile boundaries. The best version of GRASS is 6.1+. If you are using GRASS < 6.1, you have to be in the same mapset as your raster maps are from. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://www.clubwebcanada.ca/twiens/v.sample.buffer.tgz v.sample.buffer] is a shell script that samples rasters in buffers of a specified size around features in a specified vector file. Sampling results are added as attributes to the vector file. This script was designed for sampling vegetation indices and DEM derived attributes for bird point counts. Sampling results can be one or more basic statistics such as mean, range, max, etc. '''Author:''' Trevor Wiens

* [http://www.gfosservices.it/materiale_didattico/moduli/grass_kriging.tar.gz v.variogram] is a script that create an omnidirectional experimental semi-variogram. This scripts require R-statistics software installed on your machine. Now the script is updated to run on spgrass6 >= 0.3 and sp >= 0.9 [http://grass.itc.it/pipermail/statsgrass/2006-October/000455.html reply]. '''Author:''' Ivan Marchesini, Pierluigi De Rosa.

* [http://www.gfosservices.it/materiale_didattico/moduli/grass_kriging.tar.gz v.surf.krige] is a script that do a surface interpolation from vector point data by Kriging method. The interpolated value of a cell is determined by using an omnidirectional variogram model fitted starting from model parameter given by user shown from the experimental semi variogram produced by v.variogram. The script can perform also the Leave-One-out cross validation to test the variogram model "fitted by eye" and an automatic fitted variogram model. The cross validation helps the user to choose the best variogram model to interpolate own data. '''Author:''' Pierluigi De Rosa.

* [http://ngeo.de/grassstuff/v.lmeasure v.lmeasure] and [http://ngeo.de/grassstuff/v.revlmeasure v.revlmeasure] are two perl scripts that place equidistant vector points along a given arbitrary vector line starting from the beginning or end of the vector line, respectively. Resulting vector points are labeled with the distance from origin. '''Author:''' Mats Schuh

* [http://david.p.finlayson.googlepages.com/v.swathwidth v.swathwidth] creates a vector map representing the sea bottom coverage of a multibeam (swath) sonar survey. '''Author:''' David Finlayson

* [http://kufaya.googlepages.com/v.flip.zip v.flip] flips the direction of selected vector lines. '''Author:''' Maciej Sieczka

* [http://phygeo7.geo.uni-augsburg.de/gis2/scripts/v.digatt v.digatt] (shell script) Interactively assign numeric table attributes to series of vector objects. It is meant to be effective by avoiding to type in the attribute value for all single objects again and again. The user is prompted for typing in an attribute value which is assigned to all objects selected by mouseclick afterwards. Next the display is redrawn after updating the table column. Zooming allows to change the region before the old value can be reused or a new one can be typed in (or copied by mouse from another object) in order to assign it to the next series of objects etc. It is tested not very extensively yet. Therefore better work with a copy of your map and consider using v.digit or d.what.vect -e alternatively. [http://phygeo7.geo.uni-augsburg.de/gis2/scripts/v.digatt.png screenshot]. '''Author:''' Andreas Philipp

* [http://k153-85.fsv.cvut.cz/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/grass6/vector/v.in.gama/ v.in.gama] converts [http://www.gnu.org/software/gama/ GNU GaMa] XML output file to a GRASS vector map layer. '''Author:''' Martin Landa

* [http://kufaya.googlepages.com/v.breach.zip v.breach] creates vector maps of lines and points of continously lowering elevation down the input watercourses, based on the input raster DEM. '''Author:''' Maciej Sieczka

* [http://kufaya.googlepages.com/v.line.center.zip v.line.center] creates a points vector map with each point located in the middle of the length of one input vector line. '''Author:''' Maciej Sieczka

* [http://wiki.iosa.it/dokuwiki/spatial_analysis:feature_count v.count.points.sh] counts point features in areas, generates table good as input to d.vect.chart. '''Author:''' Stefano Costa

===Raster add-ons===

* [http://www.igc.usp.br/pessoais/guano/downloads/r.roughness r.roughness] is a shell script to calculate the surface roughness of a DEM, using r.surf.area and v.surf.rst. (for GRASS versions 6.1 and above)
* [http://www.igc.usp.br/pessoais/guano/downloads/r.roughness60 r.roughness60] - for GRASS versions 6.0.X '''Author:''' Carlos Henrique Grohmann

* [http://www.les-ejk.cz/files/programs/grass/r.gauss.tgz r.gauss] is Gaussian and Laplacian of Gaussian filter for GRASS. It is written in C language. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://les-ejk.cz/files/programs/grass/r.mlv.tgz r.mlv] is Mean of least variance filter for GRASS. It is an edge-preserving (or even edge-enhacing) filter, which should serve for removing additive noise from images. It is written in C language. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://les-ejk.cz/files/programs/grass/r.bilateral.tgz r.bilateral] Bilateral filter is an edge-preserving filter, which combines domain and range filtering. It is written in C language. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://les-ejk.cz/files/programs/zc.pl Zero crossing] is a simple Perl script, finds the ,,zero crossings`` from the Laplacian of Gaussian filter (see above). It is really very simple, the edges don't need to be really on that pixel, where they are detected, no interpolation is performed. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

'''Usage:'''
zc.pl -i input -o output |r.mapcalc

* [http://les-ejk.cz/files/programs/local_max.pl Local maxima] is a Perl script for <code>r.mapcalc</code>. It detects local maxima of the image. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

'''Usage:'''
local_maxima.pl -i input -o output -s matrix_size|r.mapcalc

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/r.out.gmt r.out.gmt] is a GRASS script for exporting a GRASS raster map into a [[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/ GMT]] grid file. It also creates a GMT color table from the data and can generate some GMT commands for plotting a postscript file. (code is experimental, but functional) see also http://169.237.35.250/~dylan/grass_user_group/#GMT_and_GRASS-overview '''Authors:''' Hamish Bowman, Dylan Beaudette

* [http://geni.ath.cx/grass/r.out.gmt yet another r.out.gmt] is a modified version of Hamish's r.out.gmt. Added options for title, xlabel, ylabel, comment, and map width. Removed any settings that can be changed by gmtset for more flexibility. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman, Huidae Cho, Dylan Beaudette

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/r.pack r.pack] and [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/r.unpack r.unpack] are two GRASS scripts for transfering raster maps to another computer as a single file. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/dominant_dir.m dominant_dir.m] and [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/calc_terraflow_dir.m calc_terraflow_dir.m] are two Matlab scripts for determining the dominant flow direction from a r.terraflow MFD map and converting into a GRASS aspect map for use with d.rast.arrow, etc. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://www-pool.math.tu-berlin.de/~soeren/grass/modules/ r.in.onearth] for download and import satellite images direct from the NASA onearth WMS server into GRASS. '''Author:''' Soeren Gebbert

* [http://les-ejk.cz/files/programs/grass/r.in.wms.tgz r.in.wms] for download and import maps direct from WMS servers into GRASS. This script is written in Python Programming language. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [http://www.shockfamily.net/cedric/grass/r.tileset r.tileset] generates a list of tiles and sizes in a source projection that cover the region in the current database with appropriate resolution. The size of individual tiles can be constrained. Only tiles intersecting the current region are returned. These tilings are appropriate for requesting data from another projection to meet the specifications of the current region. For example, it could be used to generate tile requests to a latitude / longitude WMS server like this <code>r.tileset -w sourceproj="+init=epsg:4326"</code>. '''Author:''' Cedric Shock

* [ftp://gsca.nrcan.gc.ca/outgoing/Patton/Grass/Scripts/r.csr.tar.bz2 r.csr] integrates several Grass programs to produce colored, shaded-relief rasters in one step. Accepts single or multiple elevation/bathymetry maps as input; optionally will fill data holidays with 3x3 median filter, multiple times, if required; can apply color maps from a) input raster, b) another raster in MAPSET, or c) from a rules file; otherwise, rainbow colorbar is applied. Output colored, shaded-relief rasters can optionally be exported to tiff format and archived using tar with gzip/bzip2 compression if appropriate flags are given. Shading parameters can be modified, though useful defaults are given. '''Author:''' Eric Patton

* [ftp://gsca.nrcan.gc.ca/outgoing/Patton/Grass/Scripts/r.fragment.tar.bz2 r.fragment] fragments a raster into a user-defined set of smaller tiles according to an input number of rows and columns. Optionally, a null value threshold can be set to filter out candidate tiles that would have a large percentage of null cells. '''Author:''' Eric Patton

* [http://david.p.finlayson.googlepages.com/r.eucdist r.eucdist] creates a raster map estimating the euclidean distance from known cells. '''Author:''' David Finlayson

* [http://david.p.finlayson.googlepages.com/r.smoothpatch r.smoothpatch] creates a composite of two rasters using a distance-weighted average across the transition to smooth the edges. '''Author:''' David Finlayson

* [http://www.faunalia.it/download/r_li/ r.li] is a more flexible and faster replacement of the old r.le. '''''Moved into 6.3-CVS'''''. '''Authors:''' Claudio Porta, Davide Spano, Serena Pallecchi, [http://www.faunalia.it Faunalia]

* [http://kufaya.googlepages.com/r.surf.nnbathy.zip r.surf.nnbathy] interpolates a surface from a raster input using the [http://www.marine.csiro.au/~sakov/ nn] natural neighbor interpolation library. Provides triangulation, Sibson natural neighbor interpolation and non-Sibsonian interpolation. '''Author:''' Maciej Sieczka

* The GRASS Image Processing Environment (GIPE) has USLE, Energy-balance and radiance-reflectance correction models. '''Author:''' Yann Chemin (unless specified otherwise). It is available by anonymous reading through this command (thanks Markus!): 
svn co https://grasssvn.itc.it/svn/grassaddons/trunk/grassaddons grassaddons/gipe
 
- r.usler creates USLE R factor (Rainfall erosivity) from annual precipitations.
It has 4 methods, Morgan, Roose, Foster and El-Swaify to choose from.
'''Authors:''' Natalia Medvedeva and Yann Chemin 
- r.uslek creates USLE K factor (soil erodibility) from sand, clay, silt fractions
and organic matter fraction. Based on USDA 1951 (p209) quoted in FAO World Soil CD,
and from some generic [soil class+OM] to K conversion table. 
- r.albedo creates Albedo. Albedo is the shortwave surface reflectance in the range
of 0.3-3 micro-meters. This module takes Modis, Aster, Landsat or AVHRR individual
surface reflectance bands to calculate Albedo. This module is a precursor to r.sun
or any Energy-Balance related processing. 
- r.eb.* are a set of 10+ GRASS modules that together perform the main functions of
the SEBAL model (Bastiaanssen, 1995). Those functions include (but are not limited to)
Soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, net radiation, evaporative fraction at satellite
overpass, diurnal actual evapotranspiration, momentum roughness length, etc. These
modules are also part of any Energy-Balance related processing. 
- r.evapo.potrad creates diurnal Potential evapotranspiration assuming all net radiation
becomes ET, according to SEBAL model (Bastiaanssen, 1995). This module also has a flag for
diurnal net radiation as required by SEBAL in r.eb.eta. 
- r.vi creates a given Vegetation index from a list of 13 of them, most of them only
requiring Red and NIR. Updated to accept all types of input data.
'''Authors:''' Baburao Kamble and Yann Chemin 
- r.vi.mpi is the mpi verion for cluster GRASS GIS education (no speed up here!).
'''Author:''' Shamim Akhter 
- r.dn2ref.l7, r.dn2ref.ast create top of atmosphere reflectance for Landsat 7ETM+ and
ASTER. These modules also have a flag for radiance output. Updated r.dn2ref.l7 to read .met
calibration file. 
- r.dn2full.l7 is an attempt to get all bands of Landsat7 calibrated and corrected to
either reflectance or temperature, reads only the .met file. 
- r.dn2potrad.l7] is an attempt to get ET potential from DN of Landsat 7 (Careful! No
Atmospheric correction!). 
- r.biomass creates biomass growth map from fPAR, lightuse efficiency, water availability
(or evap.fraction), Lat, doy and tsw.

* r.boxcount and r.boxcount.sh calculate the fractal dimension for a given map. These are versions for grass6 of [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrnmar/ Mark Lake's modules] for grass43. '''Authors:''' Mark Lake, grass6 port: Florian Kindl. Available via SVN: svn co https://grasssvn.itc.it/svn/grassaddons/trunk/grassaddons

===General add-ons===

* [http://www.nature-consult.de/dassau/g.laptop/g.laptop.sh g.laptop.sh] is an interactive shell script to extract raster and vector data from current Location into a new one. Data can be copied or extracted in current or original resolution and region extend. This script was written to extract smaller parts of a GRASS location to be able to present them on a laptop without the necessity to transfer huge data. Maps do not have to be in the same mapset. '''Author:''' Otto Dassau

* '''''Readline completion''''' for GRASS commands under the bash shell: [http://www.sorokine.info/grass-complete/ grass-complete] won't clutter the environment but needs to be installed; [http://dcalvelo.free.fr/grass/grass_rlcompleter.sh grass_rlcompleter.sh] needs almost no installation but will pollute the environment. Grass-Complete currently requires Bash version 2.05 for proper install. '''Author:''' Alexandre Sorokine (grass-complete), Daniel Calvelo (grass_rlcompleter.sh)
 

=== Imagery add-ons ===

* i.atcorr: Atmospheric Correction using Christo Zietsman's implementation of 6s code in C/C++. Available in SVN: 
svn co https://grasssvn.itc.it/svn/grassaddons/trunk/grassaddons grassaddons/gipe
 '''Author:''' Christo Zietsman

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/gdal/i.warp61 i.warp61] is a shell script that will use gdalwarp to rectify a raw input image using thin plate splines. The map should be imported into GRASS with r.in.gdal and GCPs set with i.points. Input is the raw image (GeoTIFF, JPEG, etc). Output is a GeoTIFF in the imagery group's target location's map projection. Requires a recent (early 2006) version of GRASS 6.1, or newer. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman
 

=== Display add-ons ===

==== [[IconSymbols]] ====
* [[IconSymbols|Symbols]] which can be used with ''d.vect, d.graph'', and ''ps.map''.

==== Modules ====

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/d.frame.quarter d.frame.quarter] is a shell script that will split the display into four quadrants using ''d.frame''. Individual frames are named ''uno, dos, tres, cuatro'', and ''full_screen''. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [ftp://gsca.nrcan.gc.ca/outgoing/Patton/Grass/Scripts/d.hyperlink.tar.bz2 d.hyperlink] is an interactive shell script that allows the viewing of hyperlinked images from a vector's attribute table in an external image viewer. Queries can be made via SQL statements or interactive mouse-clicking. The attribute table must be pre-populated with a column containing the image to link the vector to; the user also specifies the image folder in the current MAPSET where the images are located. The script currently supports gimp, Eye of Gnome, gthumb, gpdf, and Inkscape image viewers. '''Author: '''Eric Patton

* [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/gist/software/grass/ pd-GRASS]: Parallel Display for GRASS GIS '''Author:''' Alex Sorokine

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/d.region.box d.region.box] is a shell script that quickly displays a box around the current region. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/d.stations d.stations] is a shell script that quickly displays vector points (or sites for GRASS 5.4 and below). '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/d.mark d.mark] is a shell script that quickly displays a marker on the display at a given coordinate. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://bambi.otago.ac.nz/hamish/grass/d.varea d.varea] is a shell script that quickly displays vector areas. '''Author:''' Hamish Bowman

* [http://geni.ath.cx/grass/d.edit.rast d.edit.rast] edits cells in an existing raster map displayed on the current monitor. '''Author:''' Huidae Cho

===Postscript add-ons===

* [http://les-ejk.cz/programs/grass/ps.atlas ps.atlas] is a shell script that makes more maps on current region according to input *.psmap file. General map can be stored as vector file. The resulting *.eps maps can be automatically converted to *.pdf files. '''Author:''' Jachym Cepicky

* [[ps.map scripts|ps.map samples/templates]]

==== [[AreaFillPatterns]] ====
* Hatches for ps.map's vareas

===GRASS and UMN Mapserver===

* [http://www.mail-archive.com/mapserver-users@lists.umn.edu/msg00086.html See interesting posting]

[[Category:Community]]
[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Installation]]

Talk:R statistics

2007-04-27T14:18:42Z

⚠️Steko:

Ideally this page should not contain just references to other websites and tutorials, but contain a detailed howto with examples, also taken from the existing documentation by R. Bivand and other people.

R statistics

2007-04-26T18:29:32Z

⚠️Steko: updated some contents about spgrass6

'''Q:''' How do I enjoy high quality statistic analysis in GRASS?

'''A:''' Well, GRASS has got an interface to the most powerful statistics analysis package around: '''''R''''' (http://www.r-project.org)

First of all you need to add '''''R''''' to your system, the '''''R''''' version must be >= 1.9.1:

* '''Debian GNU/Linux''' user, see: http://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/debian/README
* '''Ubuntu Linux''' see: http://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu/README
* '''RedHat, Suse, Mandrake''' and similar distros: take the latest '''''R''''' RPM and install it

Once you have '''''R''''' in your system, take a look at http://grass.itc.it/statsgrass/grass_r_install.html.

For the impatient just start it:

<pre>
> R

#and install packages directly from the net
pkgs <- c('akima', 'spgrass6', 'RODBC', 'VR')

install.packages(pkgs, dependencies=TRUE, type='source')
</pre>

'''See also''':

* Connecting R to RDBMS: http://grass.itc.it/statsgrass/r_and_dbms.html
* Using GRASS and R: http://grass.itc.it/statsgrass/grass_r_interface.html
* [http://r-spatial.sourceforge.net/ Spatial data in R] (<code>sp</code>) is a '''''R''''' library that provides classes and methods for spatial data (points, lines, polygons, grids), and to new or existing spatial statistics '''''R''''' packages that use sp, depend on sp, or will become dependent on <code>sp</code>, such as <code>maptools</code>, <code>rgdal</code>, <code>splancs</code>, '''<code>spgrass6</code>''', <code>gstat</code>, <code>spgwr</code> and many others.
* [http://grass.itc.it/newsletter/grassnews3.html GRASS News vol.3], June 2005 (R. Bivand. Interfacing GRASS 6 and R. ''GRASS Newsletter'', 3:11-16, June 2005. ISSN 1614-8746).
* OSGeo Journal vol. 1 May 2007 (R. Bivand. Using the R— GRASS interface. ''OSGeo Journal'', 1:31-33, May 2007. ISSN 1614-8746).

[[Category:Installation]]
[[Category:FAQ]]

Openoffice.org with SQL Databases

2007-04-18T09:22:13Z

⚠️Steko: /* SQLite files (OpenOffice.org 2.x) */ fixed typo

Do you also dislike it to manually convert Excel tables into PostgreSQL? Not having real fun in exporting to CSV, then manually writing the SQL header and importing the stuff in PG? This article here '''explains how to convert a table into an SQL database via OpenOffice'''. Essentially you open the Excel (or whatever) table with OpenOffice-Calc, select and copy the full table or a subset to the clipboard, and simply paste it into OpenOffice-Base with the right mouse button. A wizard pops up which let's you define the type of each column and a primary key. Save & done. Can't be easier!

== Usage of OpenOffice-Base with various drivers ==

* See [http://dba.openoffice.org/drivers/index.html Database drivers] page for overview. There are drivers for PostgreSQL, SQLite and MS-Access mdb files.

=== PostgreSQL (OpenOffice.org 2.x) ===

==== Installation of PostgreSQL driver (MS-Windows and Linux) ====

* http://dba.openoffice.org/drivers/postgresql/index.html

# download postgresql-sdbc-X.Y.Z.zip driver (take the "recommended" file) and save the file to your disk.
# Start OpenOffice, choose 'Tools/Package Manager'. Click on the add button and select the downladed file (DO NOT EXTRACT IT !) in the upcoming File dialog. The driver gets installed now, afterwards, the file is listed in the dialog with state enabled. In case you have installed an older version of the driver, remove it now. Close the dialog.
# Restart openoffice (even the quickstarter on windows must be shut down !!!).
# Done (did you really close openoffice? Please do.)

==== Usage of PostgreSQL driver (MS-Windows and Linux) ====

After starting OpenOffice.org again, use: File -> New -> Database to enter the DB dialog.

* Connect to existing database (select driver): postgresql
* Connection settings: We have to define the server ("host") name and the name of the database, probably also the user name in case you have to connect with a different user name. To find out, '''ask your DB administrator''' or use in a terminal "psql -l " or, if the database is on a remote server, "psql -h host.mydomain.org -l". An entry may look like this:
dbname=pgtest host=my.databaseserver.org
* User name (the login name): yourname
* Finish brings you to a 'Save as' dialog for the connection, saves these settings as file. This file you can use later to re-establish the connection (instead of defining all again).
* Then click on 'Tables' in the next screen to see the existing PG tables in the database. Usually the 'public' scheme contains the user tables.
* The 'Queries' button takes you to the query mode, it contains a graphical query designer.

==== Installation of PostgreSQL driver (MacOSX) ====

Please use the [http://jdbc.postgresql.org/download.html JDBC driver].

There are not mac OSX version of official SDBC driver, you can connect your postgreSQL database using the JDBC driver.

 
1)Download the JDBC driver at :
[http://jdbc.postgresql.org/download.html PosgreeSQL]
 
(select the driver for your pgsql version)
for example with postgreSQL-8.1 we need to download this driver:

JDBC 8.1-407 JDBC 2

2) Open Neooffice
- preferences:

http://img118.imageshack.us/img118/109/preferenzeap3.png

select :

Java

http://img236.imageshack.us/img236/6004/javaqr9.png

clik on :

classpath

http://img50.imageshack.us/img50/3504/immagine1tb1.png

click on :

add archive ( aggiungi archivio )

select the downloaded driver

click on :

ok

3) Come back to :

neooffice - database

http://img67.imageshack.us/img67/2043/databasevn2.png

In the database configuration window:

http://img54.imageshack.us/img54/3386/selezionadatabnv6.png

at the point : connect to an existant database (collega a un database esistente), select the option :

JDBC

clik on :

next (avanti)

http://img111.imageshack.us/img111/2128/immagine3uw6.png

insert the url to your pgsql database (in this example we have host=localhost, dbname=grassdb):

postgreesql://localhost/grassdb

class driver JDBC :

org.postgresql.Driver

click on :

try class (classe di prova)

if oll is ok :

http://img125.imageshack.us/img125/9330/immagine2kw6.png

clik on :

ok

go to the next step

http://img67.imageshack.us/img67/8527/immagine13dv9.png

insert :

user name

chek the flag 'request password'

clik on :

try connection ( connessione di prova )

http://img300.imageshack.us/img300/9965/immagine6ck5.png

insert :

password

click on :

ok

if oll is ok :

http://img64.imageshack.us/img64/896/immagine7ak2.png

click on :

next (avanti)

http://img103.imageshack.us/img103/8379/immagine8kf6.png

click on

end ( fine )

to save the database

http://img109.imageshack.us/img109/815/immagine9ph2.png

database succesfooll created:

http://img113.imageshack.us/img113/686/immagine10di9.png

[[Category: FAQ]]

=== MySQL (OpenOffice.org 2.x) ===

* Connection via JODBC driver: http://kienlein.com/pages/mysql-jdbc-howto-en.html

=== DBF files (OpenOffice.org 2.x) ===

No installation needed, the driver is included in the standard version of OpenOffice.org.

=== MS-Access mdb files (OpenOffice.org 2.x) ===

<strike>
* http://dba.openoffice.org/drivers/mdb/index.html Note that the driver is somewhat behind the mdbtools.sf.net development.
</strike>

* Connect through ODBC based connection: http://www.openoffice.org/FAQs/ms-access/ms-access.html . For Linux, you need [http://www.unixodbc.org/ unixODBC] to be installed (your preferred distribution most likely contains this package). Get also the [http://mdbtools.sourceforge.net/ MDB Tools] (preferably fresh from CVS since the 0.5 release is old; compile with unixodbc support enabled). Then follow instructions at http://www.gdal.org/ogr/drv_pgeo.html (or add them here).

=== SQLite files (OpenOffice.org 2.x) ===

* <strike>[http://dba.openoffice.org/drivers/sqlite/index.html OO-Base SQLite driver] (driver still in alpha state)</strike>
* [http://www.ch-werner.de/sqliteodbc/ SQLite ODBC Driver] (wrapped SQLite library into an ODBC driver). Installation:

After installation of 'sqliteodbc', add the driver to /etc/odbcinst.ini (either add next lines or create as new file if the file does not yet exist):
[SQLite]
Description=SQLite ODBC Driver
Driver=/usr/local/lib/libsqlite3odbc.so
Setup=/usr/local/lib/libsqlite3odbc.so

Now the SQLite driver is available for ODBC. The next step is to add the definition(s) of the database you want to connect to. Add an ODBC Data Source Name (DSN) to your definition file at $HOME/.odbc.ini (replace 'user' and 'mymapset' with the correct entries):
[nc_sqlite]
Description=North Carolina SQLite DB
Driver=SQLite
Database=/home/user/grassdata/nc_spm/mymapset/sqlite.db
# optional lock timeout in milliseconds
Timeout=2000

== Converting Excel, CSV, ... to PostgreSQL/MySQL/... via OO-Base ==

* [http://searchopensource.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid39_gci1222186,00.html Bringing data into OpenOffice 2.0's database]: You can for example open an Excel file with OpenOffice, select contents, then open a DB connection in OpenOfficeBase and paste the table into it. The wizard allows to define the type of each column before creating the table. Using the right mouse button on a column name, you can define it as primary key. '''Important:''' If generating a PostgreSQL table, prefix the new table name with "public." (example: public.table1) to avoid that the user name is used as schema name.

=== Step by step DB import procedure (MS-Windows and Linux) ===

Here we show how to get a spreadsheet table into a SQL database.

'''1. Mark and copy to clipboard the relevant table parts in the Excel/CSV/whatever table (OO-Calc):'''

Open the original table with OpenOffice-Calc. For CSV files, they need the .csv extension.

[[Image:oo_calc_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oo_calc.png|larger screenshot]])

'''2. Open OO-Base and establish a connection to the database (see above for driver installation):'''

Go File -> New -> Database to launch OO-Base.

[[Image:oobase_pg_connect1_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oobase_pg_connect1.png|larger screenshot]])

[[Image:oobase_pg_connect2_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oobase_pg_connect2.png|larger screenshot]])

[[Image:oobase_pg_connect3_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oobase_pg_connect3.png|larger screenshot]])

'''3. In the table wizard, paste (right mouse button) earlier selected OO-Calc spreadsheet into the table section:'''

First select "table" from left menu, then paste into it:

[[Image:oo_base_paste_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oo_base_paste.png|larger screenshot]])

'''4. A wizard opens, define a table name:'''

When connecting to PostgreSQL, be sure to write a prefix for the schema, usually "public.":

[[Image:oo_base_newtable1_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oo_base_newtable1.png|larger screenshot]])

'''5. Select the columns you want to transfer:'''

[[Image:oo_base_newtable2_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oo_base_newtable2.png|larger screenshot]])

'''6. Define primary key (right mouse button on desired column) and all column types:'''

WARNING: If you make a mistake in defining the column types, all rows after the first failing conversion will be silently ignored. Verify later that all rows arrived in the final SQL table.

[[Image:oo_base_newtable3_small.png|none]] (see also [[media:oo_base_newtable3.png|larger screenshot]])

'''7. Save and enjoy. The table is now written into your SQL database.'''

Note that the conversion can take some time.

You can now connect the table to GRASS, R-stats, ... as you like.

=== Step by step DB import procedure (MacOSX) ===

There are not difference between osx and linux.
 Look for 'Step by step DB import procedure (MS-Windows and Linux)'.

Talk:GRASS Documents

2007-02-05T21:33:36Z

⚠️Steko:

Hi, we have a partial Italian translation of the GRASS Manual pages [http://wiki.gfoss.it/index.php/GRASS_6.0.2_Reference_Manual here]. Can we place a link on this page or should it go somewhere else? --[[User:Steko|Steko]] 22:33, 5 February 2007 (CET)

Georeferencing

2007-01-11T18:10:11Z

⚠️Steko: added quick tutorial by Michael Barton

'''Q:''' How can maps be georeferenced in GRASS?

'''A:'''
* '''old way:''' Use modules i.group + i.target + i.points/i.vpoints + i.rectify

* '''new way:''' Use the tool in the gis.m GUI File menu.

==Quick tutorial for GUI Georectifier==

Start up in the location you want the new map to be rectified INTO (not the xy location where it's from).

Open any georeferenced map(s), raster or vector, or some combination of multiple layers in a normal map display to serve as a base map for georectification.

Start the georectifier.
* Decide if you are going to georectify vectors or rasters and check the appropriate radio button
* Create a group if you don't already have one. This uses i.group for raster and its own routine for vectors (to create a group folder, etc). All maps that can be georectified with the same ground control points can go into the same group
* Select a reference xy map that you can use to set GCP's
* Start georectifying

When georectifying, you click on a GCP in the xy map and click on the corresponding point on the base map. You can also enter coordinates if you want. You can delete any GCP or exclude from computations. You can check the RMS error for all active points. This routine bypasses i.points and i.vpoints to create a points file. The points file can be used for rasters or vectors, since georectifying of both is supported.

When you are ready to georectify the map, pick the polynomial you want to use (dependent partly on the number of points you have), and press the button. This will use i.rectify for rasters and v.transform for vectors. AFAIK, 3rd order polynomial georectification is still broken in i.rectify. But the rest should work well.

The georectified map(s) are projected into your active location/mapset.

[[Category:FAQ]]

Tips and Tricks

2006-11-23T22:57:09Z

⚠️Steko: added howto import srtm30plus data (from grassuser ML - Markus Neteler)

==Tips and Tricks==

===Using QGIS as a frontend to GRASS===

QGIS can run as a frontend to GRASS. There is support for displaying maps, editing maps, and execution of simple GIS functions. The GDAL/OGR library is a requirement for that (but for GRASS anyway):

* QGIS homepage: http://qgis.org
* GDAL homepage: http://www.gdal.org

To use the two together, the GDAL-GRASS plugin must be installed:

* [[Compile and install GRASS and QGIS with GDAL/OGR Plugin]]

Test that the GDAL-GRASS plugin is available with this command: 
<pre>
gdalinfo --formats
</pre>
Look for a line like "GRASS (ro): GRASS Database Rasters (5.7+)"

Enable the QGIS GRASS plugin from QGIS: 
<pre>
GUI: Plugins / Plugin Manager / Check the GRASS checkbox
</pre>

The GRASS toolbar should now be visible.
While not a firm requirement, it is easier to start QGIS from within a GRASS session.

* [http://wiki.qgis.org/qgiswiki/GrassCookbook QGIS GRASS Cookbook] - Recipes for common tasks

===Importing SRTM30plus data===

SRTM30plus data consists of 33 files of global topography in the same format as the SRTM30 products distributed by the USGS EROS data center. The grid resolution is 30 second which is roughly one kilometer.

Land data are based on the 1-km averages of topography derived from the USGS SRTM30 grided DEM data product created with data from the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. GTOPO30 data are used for high latitudes where SRTM data are not available.

Ocean data are based on the Smith and Sandwell global 2-minute grid between latitudes +/- 72 degrees. Higher resolution grids have been added from the LDEO Ridge Multibeam Synthesis Project and the NGDC Coastal Relief Model. Arctic bathymetry is from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (IBCAO).

All data are derived from public domain sources and these data are also in the public domain.

GRASS 6 script <code>r.in.srtm</code> described in GRASSNews vol. 3 won't work with this dataset. But you can get tiles into GRASS this way:

r.in.bin -sb input=e020n40.Bathmetry.srtm output=e020n40_topex bytes=2 north=40 south=-10 east=60 west=20 r=6000 c=4800
r.colors e020n40_topex rules=etopo2

; Source
: GRASS Users Mailing List http://grass.itc.it/pipermail/grassuser/2005-August/030018.html
; Getting SRTM30plus tiles
: ftp://topex.ucsd.edu/pub/srtm30_plus/data

===Exporting GRASS maps to GMT===

GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) is a Free software package for creating publication quality cartography.

GMT homepage: http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu

Exporting GRASS maps to GMT: http://169.237.35.250/~dylan/grass_user_group/#GMT_and_GRASS-overview
 (Supplied by the GRASS Users Group of Davis, California)

===Interfacing R-Statistics with GRASS===

* All the necessary functions for the GRASS 6 interface are now in packages on CRAN, so that on Linux/Unix (or Mac OSX) installing rgdal from source with PROJ4 and GDAL installed, or Windows installing from binary, the required packages are: sp; maptools (now includes spmaptools); rgdal (now includes spGDAL, spproj); spgrass6 - now all on CRAN.

* http://grass.ibiblio.org/statsgrass/index.php#grassR

* R-Statistics homepage http://www.r-project.org

* R Spatial Projects http://sal.uiuc.edu/csiss/Rgeo//

* http://r-spatial.sourceforge.net/xtra/xtra.RHnw.html#spgrass6

* Neural Networks with GRASS and R (posted by Markus Neteler on the grass-user mailing list) http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/Mclim/pdf/MBenito_EcoMod.pdf

* Using R and GRASS with cygwin: It is possible to use Rterm inside the GRASS shell in cygwin, just as in Unix/Linux or OSX. You should not, however, start Rterm from a cygwin xterm, because Rterm is not expecting to be run in an xterm under Windows, and loses its input. If you use the regular cygwin bash shell, but need to start display windows, start X from within GRASS with startx &, and then start Rterm in the same cygwin shell, not in the xterm.

===Using GRASS with an on-line Web-GIS===

see:

* [[GRASS and MapServer]]
* [[GRASS and PHP]]
* [[GRASS and Python]]

(please expand)

===Starting and running GRASS from a script===

See [[GRASS and Shell]].

===Running GRASS remotely on OS X===

Tiger (OS 10.4) changed the default configuration of SSH from previous versions of OS X. You can no longer start an ssh session with the -X flag and display the Tcl/Tk components of the GRASS GUI remotely. If you are running grass on OS X (10.4) between hosts on a network (i.e. running it on one machine but displaying it on another), you will need to use the "trusted forwarding" mode of SSH in order for the Tcl/Tk generated graphics, such as d.m or gis.m in order for the GUI graphics to make it through your connection. This can be done using the -Y flag when you start the ssh session:

ssh -Y remotehost

or add this to ~/.ssh/config:

Host hostname
ForwardX11 yes
ForwardX11Trusted yes

Using the -X flag, or simply turning on X11Forwarding in the SSH configuration files, is not enough: the symptoms in this case are that a d.mon window will function fine, but none of the Tcl/Tk dialogues will work, failing with an error message complaining either about Wish not behaving as expected, or a "Bad Atom".

[[Category:Documentation]]

Tips and Tricks

2006-10-25T14:50:48Z

⚠️Steko: /* Interfacing R-Statistics with GRASS */

Tips and Tricks

2006-10-25T14:50:11Z

⚠️Steko: /* Interfacing R-Statistics with GRASS */

2006-05-23T10:44:39Z

⚠️Steko:

This table provides a list of GRASS and GIS related terms. The glossary shall help to harmonize translation work of GRASS docs currently hosted at the [http://grass.itc.it/mailman/listinfo/translations GRASS Translation Project] and the [http://www.gdf-hannover.de/translation GDF Translation Portal].

'''Glossary'''

<table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0">
<tr><th bgcolor="#99CCCC">ENGLISH</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">FRENCH</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">GERMAN</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">SPANISH</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">ITALIAN</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">GREEK</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">FINNISH</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">PORTUGUESE</th>
<th bgcolor="#99CCCC">CZECH</th>
</tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> GRASS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> tráva </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 2D </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 2D ; bidimensionnel </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 2D ; zweidimensional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 2D/bidimensional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 2D </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 2.5D </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 2D1/2 ; pseudo tridimensionnel </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 2,5D ; zweieinhalbdimensional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 2,5D </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 3D </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 3D ; tridimensionnel </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 3D, dreidimensional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 3D/tridimensional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 3D </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> area </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> surface ; entité surfacique </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Fläche </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> polígono </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> plocha </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> area size </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> aire </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Flächengröße </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> výměra plochy </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> aspect </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> aspect </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> aspect </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> expozice </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> average </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> moyenne </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> durchschnitt </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> průměr </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> boundaries </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> contours </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> boundaries; Flächengrenze </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> hranice </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> buffer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> zone tampon ; buffer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Puffer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> buffer, obalová (vyrovnávací) zóna </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> category </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> catégorie </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> category </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> kategorie </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [supervised/unsupervised] classification </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> classification [dirigée/non dirigée];[cl. supervisée/non-supervisée ] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [überwachte/unüberwachte] Klassifikation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> clasificación (supervisada/no supervisada) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [řízená/neřízená] klasifikace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> classify (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> faire une classification </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> klassifizieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> clasificar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> klasifikovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> cluster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> grappe ; cluster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> cluster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> cluster, shluk </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> color table </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> table de couleurs </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Farbtabelle </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> tabulka barev </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> command </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> commande </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Kommando </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> comando </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> příkaz </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> compilation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> compilation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Kompilierung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> compilación </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> kompilace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> compile (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> compiler </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> kompilieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> compilar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> kompilovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> connection </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> connexion </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Verbindung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> connección </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> spojení </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> courbature </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> courbure </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> dangles </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 'boucles mortes' </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Dangle; Überhang </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [relational] database </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> base de données [relationnelle] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> relationale Datenbank </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> base de datos relacional </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [relační] databáze </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [Spearfish] database </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Base de Données Géographiques [Spearfish] ; géodatabase [Spearfish] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [Spearfish] Datenbank </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> base de datos espacial [Spearfish] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> dataset [Spearfish] </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> datum </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> datum </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Datum [pl. Datums] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> datum </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> DBMS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> SGBD </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> DBMS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> SGBD/DBMS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> databázový systém </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> digitalization </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> numérisation ; digitalisation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Digitalisierung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> digitalización </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> digitalizace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> digitize (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> numériser ; digitaliser </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> digitalisieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> digitalizar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> digitalizovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> driver </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> pilote </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Treiber </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> ovladač </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> ellipsoid </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> ellipsoïde </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Ellipsoid </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> elipsoid </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> error matrix </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> matrice de confusion </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Matrixfehler </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> chybová matice </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> export </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> exportation ; export </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Export </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> exportación </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> export </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> export (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> exporter </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> exportieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> exportar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> exportovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> file </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> fichier </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Datei </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> soubor </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> file header </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> en-tête de fichier </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Datei Header </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> hlavička souboru </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> format </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> format </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Format </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> formato </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> formát </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> free software </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> logiciel libre </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Freie Software </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Software libre </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> svobodný software </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> geographic information sciences </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> géomatique ; sciences de l'information géographique </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Geography </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> geomática </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> geoinformační vědy </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Geographic Information System (GIS) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Geographisches Informationssystem (GIS) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Sistema de Información Geográfica </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> geografický informační systém (GIS) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> GIS manager </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> gestionnaire SIG </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> GIS Manager </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> GIS manager </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> GRASS shell </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> console GRASS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> GRASS Shell </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> consola de comandos GRASS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> příkazový řádek GRASSu </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> grid </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> grille </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Raster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mřížka </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> gray scale </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> nuances de gris </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> gray scale </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> stupně šedi </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Ground Control Points </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> points d'amer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Ground Control Points (GCPs) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> identické (vlícovací) body </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> import </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> importation ; import </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Import </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> importación </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> import </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> import (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> importer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> importieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> importar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> importovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> input </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> entrée ; source </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Eingabe </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> entrada </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vstup </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> kappa parameter </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> paramètre kappa </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> kappa Parameter </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> koeficient kappa </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> key column </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> clef primaire </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Key-Spalte </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> llave primaria </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> sloupec s klíčem </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> label </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> étiquette </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Label </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> štítek </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> line </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> ligne </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Linie </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> línea </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> linie </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> line of sight analysis </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> analyse de type 'horizon visuel' </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Sichtbarkeitsanalyse </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> analýza dohlednosti </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> location </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Secteur ; Location </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Location </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 'location' </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> sijainti </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> locação </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> location, lokace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [analogic] map </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> carte (papier) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> analoge Karte </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapa </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [analogová] mapa </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> map layer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> couche </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Kartenlayer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mapa de datos </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mapová vrstva </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapset </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> jeu de données ; mapset </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Mapset </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 'mapset' </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapset - soubor map </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mask </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> masque </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Maske </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> 'mask' </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> maska </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> MASK </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> MASK </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> MASK </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> MASK </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> MASK </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> monitor </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> moniteur </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Monitor </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> monitor </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> monitor </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> network </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> réseau ; graphe de réseau </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Netzwerk </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> red </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> síť </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> node </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> noeud </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Knotenpunkt </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> uzel </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> output </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> sortie ; cible </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Ausgabe </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> salida </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> výstup </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> overwrite (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> écraser </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> überschreiben </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> přepsat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [software] package </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> paquet logiciel ; paquetage [logiciel] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Softwarepaket </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> software paquete </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> [softwarový] balíček </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> partial derivatives </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> dérivées partielles </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> partielle Ableitung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> parciální derivace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> PERMANENT mapset </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> jeu de données PERMANENT ; j. de d. souche </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> PERMANENT Mapset </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 'mapset' PERMANENT </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapset PERMANENT </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> plug-in </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> extension ; greffon ; plug-in </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> plug-in </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> zásuvný modul </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> point </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> point </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Punkt </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> punto </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> bod </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> pop-up window </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> fenêtre pop-up </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Pop-up Window </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vyskakovací okno </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> profile </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> profil </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Profil </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> profil </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> project </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> projet </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Projekt </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> proyecto </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> projekt </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> projection </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> projection </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Projektion </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> proyección </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> projekce (mapová) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> prune (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> élaguer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> reduzieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> raster map </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> couche de données matricielles ; c. de d. raster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Rasterkarte </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapa raster </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> rastrová mapa </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> read (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> lire </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> lesen </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> leer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> číst </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> rectification </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> recalage </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Georeferenzierung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> rectificación </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> rektifikace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> rectify (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> recaler </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> georeferenzieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> rectificar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> rektifikovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> region </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> région </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> region; Gebietsausdehnung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> región </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> region - zájmové území </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> resample (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> rééchantillonner </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> resamplen </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> převzorkovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> resampling </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> rééchantillonnage </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> resample </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> převzorkování </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> RGB (Red Green Blue) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> RVB (Rouge Vert Bleu) ; RGB </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> RGB </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> RGB (červená, zelená, modrá) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> RMS error (Root Mean Square) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> erreur RMS </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> RMS-Fehler </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> chyba RMS (střední kvadratická chyba) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> root </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> administrateur </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> root, administrator </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> root, administrador </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> root (administrátor) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> save (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> sauvegarder </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> speichern </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> ukládat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> scan </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> scan </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> scan </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mapa escaneado </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> scan </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> scan (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> scanner </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> scannen </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> escanear </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> skenovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> shell </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> invite de commande </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Kommandozeile; Shell </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> consola de comandos UNIX </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> terminale linea di comando </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> příkazový řádek </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> sites map </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> couche de données ponctuelles ; c. de d. sites </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 'Site' Karte </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> mapa de sitios </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> bodová mapa </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> slope </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> pente </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Hangneigung; slope </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> sklon </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> socket </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> socket </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> socket </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> socket </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> skocket </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> spectral signature file </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> fichier de signatures spectrales </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> spektrale Signatur </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> soubor se spektrálními charakteristikami </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> SQL clause </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> clause SQL </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> SQL-Befehl </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> cláusula SQL </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> klauzule SQL </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> SQL query </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> requête SQL </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> SQL-Abfrage </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> operación SQL </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> query SQL interrograzione SQL </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> dotaz SQL </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> standard deviation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> écart-type </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Standardabweichung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Deviazione standard </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> standardní odchylka </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> steepness </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> escarpement </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Steilheit </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Pendenza </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> příklonnost </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> surface </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> relief </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Oberfläche </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> povrch </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [attribute] table </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> table [attributaire] </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Attributtabelle </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> tabla de atributos </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> tabella degli attributi </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> [atributová] tabulka </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> timestamp </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> étiquette date&heure ; timestamp </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Zeitstempel; timestamp </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> časová značka </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> transect </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> transect </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Profilschnitt; transekt </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> transekt (profil) </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> variance </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> variance </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Varianz </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> variance </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vector map </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> couche de données vectorielles ; c. de d. vecteurs </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Vektorkarte </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mapa vector/m. vectorial </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> mappa vettoriale </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vektorová mapa </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> vectorization </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> vectorisation </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Vektorisierung </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> vectorización </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Digitalizzazione/Vettorizzazione </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> vektorizace </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vectorize (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vectoriser </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vektorisieren </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vectorizar </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> vektorizovat </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> vertice </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> arc </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> Vertice </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> linea vector </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> lomový (opěrný) bod </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> viewer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> visualiseur </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> Betrachter, Viewer </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> visualizador </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> prohlížeč </td></tr>

<tr><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> write (to) </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> écrire </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> schreiben </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> escribir </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">   </td><td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> zapsat </td></tr>

</table>

Note for French translators : les mots en caractères italiques signalent les anglicismes et les calques sur l'anglais qui sont néanmoins des termes d'usage courant, à chacun de choisir la traduction qu'il juge la plus adaptée et la plus compréhensible pour ses lecteurs. 
Note for Spanish translators : la terminología employada aquí viene del guía de inicio GRASS traducido por Guillermo Martínez.