PostGIS Topology

PostGIS Topology allows to store topological vector data in PostGIS database. It's available in PostGIS 2.0 and later. GRASS GIS supports PostGIS Topology in version GRASS 7.0 and later through GRASS-PostGIS data provider.

Additional info can be found also in the presentation Working with PostGIS Topology in GRASS GIS (Seminar: Advances in GIS data processing and management at Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy, 2013-04-13).

Background

Topological models used by GRASS GIS and PostGIS Topology are different - see below.

GRASS GIS Topology Data Model

In the GRASS GIS data model are defined various topological elements:

• nodes - 0D elements

  For each node is defined which lines/boundaries starts and ends in this node.

• lines - 1D elements which cannot form areas

  For each line is defined a start and end node.

• boundaries - 1D elements which can form areas

  For each boundary is defined a start and end node, and an area on the left and right.

• centroids - point located inside area

  For each centroid is defined an area

• areas - 2D elements formed by closed set of boundaries and optionally by one centroid located inside the area

  For each area is defined the list of boundaries which forms the area (outer ring), and the list of isles located inside the area.

• isle - 2D elements formed by areas

  For each isle is defined the list of boundaries which forms the isle (it's outer ring), and optionally by the area where the isle is located.

For other info and examples, see programmer's manual.

PostGIS Topology Model

PostGIS Topology model is based on ISO standard 13249. The model defines only topological elements:

• nodes - 0D elements

  Is defined by geometry (point) and by the face where the node is located (can be NULL)

• edges - 1D elements

  Is defined by geometry (linestring), start and end node, next left and right edge (ie. connectivity) and by the face on the left and right.

• faces - 2D elements

  Is defined by bounding box.

PostGIS Topology validation: see for example here

Comparison of GRASS and PostGIS Topology Data Models

GRASS GIS	PostGIS Topology
Nodes
nlines,lines,angles	containing_face, geom(Point)
Edge
	start/end node, next left/right edge, left/right face, geom (LineString)
Line
start/end node
Boundary
start/end node, left/right area
Centroid
area
Face
	mbr(Polygon)
Area
nlines,lines,nisles,isle,centroid
Isle
nlines,lines,area

PostGIS Topology implementation in GRASS GIS

• Points are stored as isolated nodes (containing_face is null)
• Centroids are stored as isolated nodes (containing_face is not null)
• Lines are stored as edges (left_face and right_face is 0)
• Boundaries are stored edges
• Areas are stored as faces (with id > 0)
• Isles are stored as faces (with id <= 0) (including universal face defined by PostGIS Topology)

Additional topological data related to nodes, areas, and isles are stored in separated tables, see figure bellow.

Additional GRASS-related tables in PostGIS Topology schema

Storing GRASS-related topological data in DB can be disabled by TOPO_GEO_ONLY option, see v.out.postgis for details.

GRASS also stores additional metadata in 'topology.grass' table, currently only bounding box of the map.

SELECT * from topology.grass;

 topology_id |                                      bbox                                       
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
...
         767 | BOX3D(264003.759398496 55720.5513784461 0,654141.604010025 270194.235588972 0)
...

Example

Example: Two polygons with one hole

In GRASS native format:

 |   Number of points:       0               Number of centroids:  2          |
 |   Number of lines:        0               Number of boundaries: 4          |
 |   Number of areas:        3               Number of islands:    2          |

Topology dump for native GRASS format (v.build):

Nodes (3 nodes, alive + dead):
node = 1, n_lines = 3, xyz = 100.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000
  line =   3, type = 4, angle = 0.000000 (0.0000)
  line =   2, type = 4, angle = 1.570796 (90.0000)
  line =   1, type = 4, angle = 3.141593 (180.0000)
node = 2, n_lines = 3, xyz = 100.000000, 100.000000, 0.000000
  line =  -2, type = 4, angle = -1.570796 (270.0000)
  line =  -3, type = 4, angle = 0.000000 (0.0000)
  line =  -1, type = 4, angle = 3.141593 (180.0000)
node = 3, n_lines = 2, xyz = 110.000000, 25.000000, 0.000000
  line =   6, type = 4, angle = 0.000000 (0.0000)
  line =  -6, type = 4, angle = 1.570796 (90.0000)
-----------------------------------
Lines (6 lines, alive + dead):
line = 1, type = 4, offset = 18, n1 = 1, n2 = 2, left = -1, right = 1
line = 2, type = 4, offset = 87, n1 = 1, n2 = 2, left = 1, right = 2
line = 3, type = 4, offset = 124, n1 = 1, n2 = 2, left = 2, right = -1
line = 4, type = 8, offset = 193, area = 1
line = 5, type = 8, offset = 222, area = 2
line = 6, type = 4, offset = 251, n1 = 3, n2 = 3, left = 3, right = -2
-----------------------------------
Areas (3 areas, alive + dead):
area = 1, n_lines = 2, n_isles = 0 centroid = 4
  line =   1
  line =  -2
area = 2, n_lines = 2, n_isles = 1 centroid = 5
  line =   2
  line =  -3
  isle =   2
area = 3, n_lines = 1, n_isles = 0 centroid = 0
  line =  -6
-----------------------------------
Islands (2 islands, alive + dead):
isle = 1, n_lines = 2 area = 0
  line =  -1
  line =   3
isle = 2, n_lines = 1 area = 2
  line =   6

In PostGIS Topology model will be this example stored as

• 3 nodes (n1, n2, n3)

SELECT node_id,containing_face,st_astext(geom) from topo_example.node;


 node_id | containing_face |                st_astext                 
---------+-----------------+------------------------------------------
       1 |                 | POINT(452944.862155388 246704.260651629)
       2 |                 | POINT(453966.165413534 122105.263157895)
       3 |                 | POINT(475413.533834587 128233.082706767)

• 4 edges (3, 4, 5, 6)

SELECT edge_id,next_left_edge,next_right_edge,left_face,right_face,st_geometrytype(geom) from topo_example.edge;
 edge_id | next_left_edge | next_right_edge | left_face | right_face | st_geometrytype 
---------+----------------+-----------------+-----------+------------+-----------------
       1 |             -4 |               3 |         0 |          1 | ST_LineString
       2 |              2 |              -2 |         2 |          1 | ST_LineString
       3 |             -1 |               4 |         1 |          3 | ST_LineString
       4 |             -3 |               1 |         3 |          0 | ST_LineString

• 3 faces (two areas and one hole)

SELECT face_id,st_geometrytype(mbr) from topo_example.face;
 face_id | st_geometrytype 
---------+-----------------
       0 | 
       1 | ST_Polygon
       2 | ST_Polygon
       3 | ST_Polygon

See also

• Working with PostGIS Topology in GRASS GIS (Seminar: Advances in GIS data processing and management at Fondazione Edmund Mach, Italy, 2013-04-13)
• v.out.postgis manual
• Working with external data in GRASS 7 and v.external.out manual
• PostGIS support in GRASS GIS

External links

GRASS GIS:

• GRASS GIS Topology manual

PostGIS:

• http://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/wiki/UsersWikiSimplifyWithTopologyExt
• PostGIS Topology manual
• PostGIS Topology wiki page
• State of the art of FOSS4G for topology and network analysis (FOSS4G 2010)
• strk's page about PostGIS
• PostGIS topology ISO SQL/MM complete (strk's blog)
• Simplifying a map layer using PostGIS topology (strk's blog)

Concepts:

• Topo-Geo-and-Topo-Net - The Concepts • Routine Details
• ISO 13249-3 Information Technology - Database languages - SQL Multimedia and application packages (Text for FDIS)