R.basin

Introduction

The module r.basin has been designed to perform the delineation and the morphometric characterization of a given basin, on the basis of an elevation raster map and the coordinates of the outlet. Here a tutorial based on NC sample dataset is presented.

Preparation

As a first step, we set the computational region to match the elevation raster map:

g.region rast=elevation@PERMANENT -ap
projection: 99 (Lambert Conformal Conic)
zone:       0
datum:      nad83
ellipsoid:  a=6378137 es=0.006694380022900787
north:      228500
south:      215000
west:       630000
east:       645000
nsres:      10
ewres:      10
rows:       1350
cols:       1500
cells:      2025000

For the basin's delineation, a pair of coordinates is required. Usually coordinates belonging to the natural river network don't exactly match with the calculated stream network. What we should do is calculating the stream network first, and then find the coordinates on the calculated stream network closest to the coordinates belonging to the natural stream network.

# Calculate flow accumulation map
r.watershed -a elevation=elevation@PERMANENT accumulation=accum

# Extract the stream network
r.stream.extract elevation=elevation@PERMANENT accumulation=accum@testing threshold=20 stream_rast=stream_network

We no longer need the accumulation map:

g.remove rast=accum

Now that we have the calculated stream network, we should choose a pair of coordinates for the outlet belonging to it. Let's choose:

easting=636654.791181 northing=218824.126649

We no longer need the stream network map:

g.remove rast=stream_network

Usage

We can run r.basin:

r.basin map=elevation@PERMANENT prefix=out easting=636654.791181 northing=218824.126649 threshold=20

Prefix parameter is a string given by the user in order to distinguish all the maps produced by every run of the program, i.e. every set of outlet's coordinates. Prefix must start with a letter. Threshold is the same parameter given in r.watershed and r.stream.extract. Physically, it means the number of cells that determine "where the river begins". (This is an open issue for the hydrological science and a wide literature has been produced on the topic). In order to determine the threshold, see also r.threshold and r.preview.

The output of r.basin consists of:

• Several morphometric parameters, which are printed in terminal and also stored in a csv file called out_elevation_parameters, in the working directory;
• Maps;
• Plots.

Morphometric parameters

The main parameters are:

• The coordinates of the vertices of the rectangle containing the basin.
• The center of gravity of the basin: the coordinates of the pixel nearest to the center of gravity of the geometric figure resulting from the projection of the basin on the horizontal plane.
• The area of the basin: is the area of a single cell multiplied by the number of cells belonging to the basin.
• The perimeter: is the length of the contour of the figure resulting by the projection of the basin on the horizontal plane.

[As a side note, a paper namely "How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension" points out that perimeter is affected by a fractal problem and the number is mostly meaningless taken by itself. Hence, perimeter should never be mixed with anything from another dataset or even the same data set at a different cell resolution; it is only good as a percentage comparison to its neighbors in the same dataset].

• Characteristic values of elevation: the highest and the lowest altitude, the difference between them and the mean elevation calculated as the sum of the values of the cells divided by the number of the cells.
• The mean slope, calculated averaging the slope map.
• The length of the directing vector: the length of the vector linking the outlet to the center of gravity of the basin.
• The prevalent orientation: in GRASS the aspect categories represent the number degrees of east and they increase counterclockwise: (90deg is North, 180 is West, 270 is South 360 is East). The aspect value 0 is used to indicate undefined aspect in flat areas with slope=0. We instead calculate the orientation as the number of degree from north, increasing counterclockwise.
• The length of main channel: is the length of the longest succession of segments that connect a source to the outlet of the basin.

The mean slope of main channel: it is calculated as follows:

where N is the topological diameter, i.e. the number of links in which the main channel can be divided on the basis of the junctions.

• The circularity ratio: is the ratio between the area of the basin and the area of the circle having the same perimeter of the basin.
• The elongation ratio: is the ratio between the diameter of the circle having the same area of the basin and the length of the main channel.
• The compactness coefficient: is the ratio between the perimeter of the basin and the diameter of the circle having the same area of the basin.
• The shape factor: is the ratio between the area of the basin and the square of the length of the main channel.
• The concentration time (Giandotti, 1934):

Where A is the area, L the length of the main channel and H the difference between the highest and the lowest elevation of the basin.

• The mean hillslope length: is the mean of the distances calculated along the flow direction of each point non belonging to the river network from the point in which flows into the network.
• The magnitudo: is the number of the branches of order 1 following the Strahler hierarchy.
• The max order: is the order of the basin, following the Strahler hierarchy.
• The number of streams: is the number of the branches of the river network.
• The total stream length: is the sum of the length of every branches.
• The first order stream frequency: is the ratio between the magnitudo and the area of the basin.
• The drainage density: is the ratio between the total length of the river network and the area.
• The Horton ratios (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1957).

##################################
Morphometric parameters of basin :
##################################
Easting Centroid of basin : 635195.00
Northing Centroid of Basin : 220715.00
Rectangle containing basin N-W : 632870 , 222890
Rectangle containing basin S-E : 637000 , 218720
Area of basin [km^2] : 7.8559625
Perimeter of basin [km] : 16.8287990515
Max Elevation [m s.l.m.] : 151.7396
Min Elevation [m s.l.m.]: 94.82206
Elevation Difference [m]: 56.91754
Mean Elevation [m s.l.m.]: 127.6772
Mean Slope : 2.93
Length of Directing Vector [km] : 2.38880562659
Prevalent Orientation [degree from north, counterclockwise] :
0.913351005341
Compactness Coefficient : 5.32106255399
Circularity Ratio : 0.348580442132
Topological Diameter : 127.0
Elongation Ratio : 0.470961456397
Shape Factor : 1.16984953656
Concentration Time (Giandotti, 1934) [hr] : 3.52654267443
Length of Mainchannel [km] : 6.715361467
Mean slope of mainchannel [percent] : 0.957339
Mean hillslope length [m] : 8145.381
Magnitudo : 621.0
Max order (Strahler) : 5
Number of streams : 884
Total Stream Length [km] : 96.3436
First order stream frequency : 79.0482388377
Drainage Density [km/km^2] : 12.2637550778
Bifurcation Ratio (Horton) : 5.7374
Length Ratio (Horton) : 2.6902
Area ratio (Horton) : 5.6815
Slope ratio (Horton): 1.5533

The hypsographic curve provides the distribution of the areas at different altitudes. Each point on the hypsographic curve has on the y-axis the altitude and on the x-axis the percentage of basin surface placed above that altitude. The ipsometric curve has the same shape but is dimensionless. Quantiles of the ipsometric curve are displayed:

Tot. cells 78560.0
===========================
Ipsometric | quantiles
===========================
145 | 0.025
143 | 0.05
141 | 0.1
137 | 0.25
129 | 0.5
119 | 0.75
121 | 0.7
110 | 0.9
100 | 0.975

The width function W(x) gives the area of the cells in the basin at a certain flow distance x from the outlet (distance-area function). Note that the distance is not intended in the euclidean sense, but it's calculated considering the hydrological path of the water.

Tot. cells 78560.0
Tot. area 7856000.0
Max distance 6809.546521
===========================
Whidth Function | quantiles
===========================
784 | 0.05
1477 | 0.15
2137 | 0.3
2543 | 0.4
2933 | 0.5
3606 | 0.6
4169 | 0.7
5144 | 0.85
6105 | 0.95

The output of r.stream.stats is also displayed:

 
Summary:
Max order | Tot.N.str. | Tot.str.len. | Tot.area. | Dr.dens. | Str.freq. 
  (num)   |    (num)   |     (km)     |   (km2)   | (km/km2) | (num/km2) 
        5 |        884 |      96.3436 |    7.8339 |  12.2983 | 112.8429 

Stream ratios with standard deviations:
 Bif.rt. | Len.rt. | Area.rt. | Slo.rt. | Grd.rt. 
  5.7374 |  2.6902 |   5.6815 |  1.5533 |  1.7962
  3.1961 |  1.9514 |   5.2294 |  0.1250 |  0.7482

Order | Avg.len |  Avg.ar  |  Avg.sl |  Avg.grad. | Avg.el.dif
 num  |   (km)  |  (km2)   |  (m/m)  |    (m/m)   |     (m)   
    1 |  0.0750 |   0.0069 |  0.0523 |     0.0384 |  3.1062
    2 |  0.1428 |   0.0311 |  0.0342 |     0.0277 |  4.1701
    3 |  0.4834 |   0.1732 |  0.0243 |     0.0205 |  9.0641
    4 |  2.4205 |   2.1885 |  0.0155 |     0.0134 | 24.1708
    5 |  1.1247 |   7.8339 |  0.0091 |     0.0046 |  5.1594

Order | Std.len |  Std.ar  |  Std.sl |  Std.grad. | Std.el.dif
 num  |   (km)  |  (km2)   |  (m/m)  |    (m/m)   |     (m)   
    1 |  0.0600 |   0.0052 |  0.0398 |     0.0287 |  3.2301
    2 |  0.1244 |   0.0230 |  0.0250 |     0.0196 |  4.4835
    3 |  0.4554 |   0.1353 |  0.0132 |     0.0122 |  7.1065
    4 |  2.2874 |   2.3843 |  0.0046 |     0.0061 | 12.9175
    5 |  0.0000 |   0.0000 |  0.0000 |     0.0000 |  0.0000

Order | N.streams | Tot.len (km) | Tot.area (km2)
    1 |       712 |      53.4067 |  4.8998
    2 |       137 |      19.5657 |  4.2562
    3 |        31 |      14.9849 |  5.3684
    4 |         3 |       7.2616 |  6.5655
    5 |         1 |       1.1247 |  7.8339

Order | Bif.rt. | Len.rt. | Area.rt. | Slo.rt. | Grd.rt. | d.dens. | str.freq.
    1 |  5.1971 |  1.9040 |   0.0000 |  1.5311 |  1.3892 | 10.8998 | 145.3120
    2 |  4.4194 |  3.3847 |   4.5144 |  1.4046 |  1.3472 |  4.5970 | 32.1883
    3 | 10.3333 |  5.0075 |   5.5742 |  1.5691 |  1.5365 |  2.7913 |  5.7745
    4 |  3.0000 |  0.4646 |  12.6376 |  1.7083 |  2.9120 |  1.1060 |  0.4569
    5 |  0.0000 |  0.0000 |   3.5796 |  0.0000 |  0.0000 |  0.1436 |  0.1277

Maps

Since r.basin performs the delimitation of the river basin, all the maps produced are cropped over the basin. They are:

• Raster maps

g.list rast

out_elevation_accumulation              out_elevation_hillslope_distance
out_elevation_aspect                    out_elevation_horton
out_elevation_dist2out                  out_elevation_shreve
out_elevation_drainage                  out_elevation_slope
out_elevation_hack                      out_elevation_strahler

• 

  Flow accumulation

• 

  Aspect

• 

  Distance to outlet (width function)

• 

  Flow direction

• 

  Stream network ordered according to Hack

• 

  Length of hillslopes

• 

  Stream network ordered according to Horton

• 

  Stream network ordered according to Shreve

• 

  Slope

• 

  Stream network ordered according to Strahler

• Vector maps

g.list vect

out_elevation_basin       out_elevation_network
out_elevation_mainchannel out_elevation_outlet

• 

  Basin

• 

  Main channel

• 

  Stream network

• 

  Outlet

Plots

Plots are stored in the working directory:

• out_elevation_ipsographic.png
• out_elevation_ipsometric.png
• out_elevation_width_function.png

• 

  Ipsographic curve

• 

  Ipsometric curve (Nondimensional ipsographic curve)

• 

  Width function

See also

R.stream.*

References

• Rodriguez-Iturbe I., Rinaldo A.; Fractal River Basins, Chance and Self-Organization. Cambridge Press (2001)
• Di Leo M., Di Stefano M., Claps P., Sole A. Caratterizzazione morfometrica del bacino idrografico in GRASS GIS (Morphometric characterization of the catchment in GRASS GIS environment), Geomatics Workbooks n.9, 2010. (PDF).