European datasets
Vector data
European vector datasets available through EEA's Dataservice
CORINE
See CORINE Land Cover (Vector version)
Raster data
European raster datasets available through EEA's Dataservice
CORINE
See CORINE Land Cover (Raster version)
European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D)
Daily historical climate data of Europe
References
About licensing issues with respect to the CORINE land data base, some (additional) information can be found in the References at the CORINE Land Cover grass-wiki page.